全文获取类型
收费全文 | 142077篇 |
免费 | 4433篇 |
国内免费 | 887篇 |
专业分类
147397篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 375篇 |
2020年 | 324篇 |
2019年 | 330篇 |
2018年 | 12594篇 |
2017年 | 11436篇 |
2016年 | 8386篇 |
2015年 | 1638篇 |
2014年 | 1571篇 |
2013年 | 2451篇 |
2012年 | 7566篇 |
2011年 | 16346篇 |
2010年 | 13677篇 |
2009年 | 9363篇 |
2008年 | 12642篇 |
2007年 | 14228篇 |
2006年 | 3251篇 |
2005年 | 3208篇 |
2004年 | 3550篇 |
2003年 | 3432篇 |
2002年 | 3163篇 |
2001年 | 1882篇 |
2000年 | 2060篇 |
1999年 | 1082篇 |
1998年 | 529篇 |
1997年 | 415篇 |
1996年 | 480篇 |
1995年 | 408篇 |
1994年 | 435篇 |
1993年 | 417篇 |
1992年 | 505篇 |
1991年 | 459篇 |
1990年 | 397篇 |
1989年 | 335篇 |
1988年 | 365篇 |
1987年 | 342篇 |
1986年 | 284篇 |
1985年 | 389篇 |
1984年 | 464篇 |
1983年 | 401篇 |
1982年 | 377篇 |
1981年 | 340篇 |
1980年 | 289篇 |
1979年 | 318篇 |
1978年 | 304篇 |
1977年 | 293篇 |
1976年 | 274篇 |
1975年 | 335篇 |
1974年 | 250篇 |
1972年 | 406篇 |
1971年 | 456篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Background
Evolution of parasite traits is inextricably linked to their hosts. For instance one common definition of parasite virulence is the reduction in host fitness due to infection. Thus, traits of infection must be viewed in both protagonists and may be under shared genetic and physiological control. We investigated these questions on the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (= parasitica), a natural pathogen of the Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana. 相似文献92.
Jill S. Marty James P. Higham Elizabeth L. Gadsby Caroline Ross 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(6):807-823
Sexual selection has driven the evolution and elaboration of a wide variety of displays and ornaments in male nonhuman primates,
including capes, cheek flanges, and sexual coloration. Among the most sexually dimorphic of all primates is the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), the males of which can be 3 times the mass of females, possess large canines, and exhibit extremely bright sexual skin
coloration. However, the function of male coloration in this species has never been examined. Here, we present data on male
color (measured objectively using digital photography), dominance rank, measures of male-female association, and key sexual
behaviors, of adult male drills (n = 17) living in four semi free-ranging enclosures at the Drill Rehabilitation and Breeding Center in Nigeria. We test the
hypothesis that male coloration is a badge of status, indicating dominance rank, and the hypothesis that male coloration attracts
females. We found that male coloration did indicate rank, and that high ranking, strongly colored males were more likely to
associate with adult females, and more specifically with fully tumescent females. These males also engaged in more sexual
activity. However, measures of male-female association and sexual behaviors were not related to male color once rank had been
taken into consideration; i.e., for males of a given rank, females did not prefer those that were more colorful. We discuss
the results in light of what is known about the wild drill social system, in which unfamiliar individuals may come together
in “supergroups,” and in which quality indicators of competitive ability may be particularly important. 相似文献
93.
Se-Chan Kim Alexander Ghanem Heidi Stapel Klaus Tiemann Pascal Knuefermann Andreas Hoeft Rainer Meyer Christian Grohé Anne A Knowlton Georg Baumgarten 《BMC physiology》2007,7(1):5
Backgound
It has been reported that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) deficiency reduces infarct size after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). However, measurement of MI/R injury was limited and did not include cardiac function. In a chronic closed-chest model we assessed whether cardiac function is preserved in TLR4-deficient mice (C3H/HeJ) following MI/R, and whether myocardial and systemic cytokine expression differed compared to wild type (WT). 相似文献94.
95.
Christelle Hély Kelly K. Caylor Peter Dowty Samuel Alleaume Robert J. Swap Hank H. Shugart Christopher O. Justice 《Ecosystems》2007,10(7):1116-1132
Abstract
We present a regional fuel load model (1 km2 spatial resolution) applied in the southern African savanna region. The model is based on a patch-scale production efficiency
model (PEM) scaled up to the regional level using empirical relationships between patch-scale behavior and multi-source remote
sensing data (spatio-temporal variability of vegetation and climatic variables). The model requires the spatial distribution
of woody vegetation cover, which is used to determine separate respiration rates for tree and grass. Net primary production,
grass and tree leaf death, and herbivory are also taken into account in this mechanistic modeling approach. The fuel load
model has been calibrated and validated from independent measurements taken from savanna vegetation in Africa southward from
the equator. A sensitivity analysis on the effect of climate variables (incoming radiation, air temperature, and precipitation)
has been conducted to demonstrate the strong role that water availability has in determining productivity and subsequent fuel
load over the southern African region. The model performance has been tested in four different areas representative of a regional
increasing rainfall gradient—Etosha National Park, Namibia, Mongu and Kasama, Zambia, as well as in Kruger National Park,
South Africa. Within each area, we analyze model output from three different magnitudes of canopy coverage (<5, 30, and 50%).
We find that fuel load ranges predicted by the model are globally in agreement with field measurements for the same year.
High rainfall sustains green herbaceous production late in the dry season and delays tree leaf litter production. Effect of
water on production varies across the rainfall gradient with delayed start of green material production in more arid regions. 相似文献
96.
97.
98.
Tapas K. Nandi Hridoy R. Bairagya Bishnu P. Mukhopadhyay K. Sekar Dipankar Sukul Asim K. Bera 《Journal of biosciences》2009,34(1):27-34
The role of invariant water molecules in the activity of plant cysteine protease is ubiquitous in nature. On analysing the
11 different Protein DataBank (PDB) structures of plant thiol proteases, the two invariant water molecules W1 and W2 (W220
and W222 in the template 1PPN structure) were observed to form H-bonds with the Ob atom of Asn 175. Extensive energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulation studies up to 2 ns on all the PDB and solvated
structures clearly revealed the involvement of the H-bonding association of the two water molecules in fixing the orientation
of the asparagine residue of the catalytic triad. From this study, it is suggested that H-bonding of the water molecule at
the W1 invariant site better stabilizes the Asn residue at the active site of the catalytic triad. 相似文献
99.
New class I and II HLA alleles strongly associated with opposite patterns of progression to AIDS. 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
H Hendel S Caillat-Zucman H Lebuanec M Carrington S O'Brien J M Andrieu F Sch?chter D Zagury J Rappaport C Winkler G W Nelson J F Zagury 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1999,162(11):6942-6946
The genetics of resistance to infection by HIV-1 cohort consists of 200 slow and 75 rapid progressors to AIDS corresponding to the extremes of HIV disease outcome of 20,000 Caucasians of European descent. A comprehensive analysis of HLA class I and class II genes in this highly informative cohort has identified HLA alleles associated with fast or slow progression, including several not described previously. A quantitative analysis shows an overall HLA influence independent of and equal in magnitude (for the protective effect) to the effect of the CCR5-Delta32 mutation. Among HLA class I genes, A29 (p = 0.001) and B22 (p < 0.0001) are significantly associated with rapid progression, whereas B14 (p = 0.001) and C8 (p = 0.004) are significantly associated with nonprogression. The class I alleles B27, B57, C14 (protective), and C16, as well as B35 (susceptible), are also influential, but their effects are less robust. Influence of class II alleles was only observed for DR11. These results confirm the influence of the immune system on disease progression and may have implications on peptide-based vaccine development. 相似文献
100.