Idiotype shifts caused by neonatal tolerance to phosphorylcholine

The injection of as little as 0.5 microgram phosphorylcholine-(PC) conjugated mouse immunoglobulin into BALB/c neonates within 48 hr of birth results in complete unresponsiveness to PC for 3 to 4 wk. Thereafter, anti-PC responses can be detected in tolerized animals, but these responses differ significantly from those of normal BALB/c mice. First, the magnitude of responsiveness does not approach normal levels even 9 mo after birth. Second, although the initial responses as tolerance is broken can be T15+, idiotypic dominance is not established; instead, a heterogeneous T15- population eventually emerges, which includes clones with higher and with lower avidity than T15. Unirradiated unresponsive mice will help transplanted normal B cells to produce T15+ responses to thymus-dependent PC antigens. The responses of animals recovered from tolerance are stable upon adoptive transfer. We have, moreover, found no evidence of either loss of idiotype-specific T cell help or generation of suppression. Therefore, neonatal exposure to PC tolerogen can effect profound, permanent changes in the antigen-specific B cell compartment independent of any influence on conventional T cell regulatory mechanisms.     

Translation of poly(U) on ribosomes from Streptomyces aureofaciens

Slowly cooled cells of Streptomyces aureofaciens contained mainly tight-couple ribosomes. Maximum rate of polyphenylalanine synthesis on ribosomes of S. aureofaciens was observed at 40°C, while cultures grew optimally at 28°C. Ribosomes of S. aureofaciens differed from those of E. coli in the amount of poly(U) required for maximum synthetic activity. The polyphenylalanine-synthesizing activity of E. coli ribosomes was about 3-times higher than that of S. aureofaciens ribosomes. The addition of protein S1 of E. coli or the homologous protein from S. aureofaciens had no stimulatory effect on the translation of poly(U). In order to localize alteration(s) of S. aureofaciens ribosomes in the elongation step of polypeptide synthesis we developed an in vitro system derived from purified elongation factors and ribosomal subunits. The enzymatic binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes of S. aureofaciens was significantly lower than the binding to ribosomes of E. coli. This alteration was mainly connected with the function of S. aureofaciens 50 S subunits. These subunits were not deficient in their ability to associate with 30 S subunits or with protein SL5 which is homologous to L7/L12 of E. coli.     

Interstitial fluid pressure changes in pregnant rats

In pregnant rats significant interstitial fluid pressure changes could be detected by means of capsules chronically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue. The capsular pressure increased significantly from a control value of -4.3 +/- 0.5 mmHg to -0.7 +/- 0.5 mmHg during the first period of pregnancy. Immediately before parturition the capsular pressure returned to the control level. During lactation the pressure rose as high as + 0.5 +/- 0.9 mmHg. After lactation the pressure returned again to the control value. By determining the extracellular fluid and plasma volume, as well as protein concentration in plasma and capsular fluid, the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces operating in the extracellular space could be analysed. It has been concluded that the observed capsular pressure changes during pregnancy are not solely of volumetric or colloid osmotic origin.     

Selectivity of sodium channels in denervated tonic muscle fibre membrane of the frog

Ionic selectivity of sodium channels was examined under voltage clamp conditions in normal and denervated twitch fibres and denervated tonic fibres isolated from m. ileofibularis of the frog (R. temporaria). Membrane currents were recorded by means of the Hille-Campbell vaseline-gap voltage clamp method from muscle fibre segments exposed to a potassium-free artificial internal solution. Permeability ratio (PS/PNa) were determined from changes in the reversal potential after replacing all Na ions in the solution bathing the voltage clamped external membrane area with sodium substituting ions (S). The permeability sequence was: Na+ greater than Li+ greater than NH4+ greater than K+. No inward currents were observed for Ca2+. The permeability ratios were as follows. Denervated tonic fibres: 1:0.88:0.23:0.012; control twitch fibres: 1:0.94:0.22:0.076; denervated twitch fibres: 1:0.91:0.14:0.082. The permeability to Li+ ions deviates from independence to a greater extent in tonic than in phasic fibres. Our results are consistent with the Hille model of sodium channel selectivity, and they support the hypothesis that sodium channels formed in denervated tonic muscle fibres of the frog are of the same genetic origin as Na channels expressed under physiological conditions.     

A Hungarian twin study on hand clasping, arm folding and tongue curling

A twin study was performed in adult Hungarian monozygotic and dizygotic pairs for hand clasping, arm folding and tongue curling. Genetic background of these traits could not be confirmed, although there appears to be a positive correlation between hand clasping type and handedness.     

Steroid anaesthesia: alphadione depresses multiunit activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation

Cortical EEG and multiunit activity (MUA) of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), area hypothalami anterior (AH) and the nucleus amygdalae basalis (AMY) were studied before and after different doses of alphadione (Althesin) and hexobarbitone (Evipan-Natrium) given to cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Non-anaesthetic doses of alphadione (0.15 ml/kg; 0.3 ml/kg; 0.6 ml/kg and 1.2 ml/kg i.p.) had sedative effects decreasing selectively the MUA in the MRF. In doses of 2.0 ml/kg, 2.4 ml/kg and 3.0 ml/kg i.p., alphadione induced anaesthesia which was associated with a rapid decrease of MUA in the MRF and by a gradual decrease of activity in the AH and AMY. The i.p. dose of 3.0 ml/kg abolished MUA responses of the reticular formation to acoustic, visual and somatic stimulation but failed to block responses to pain. Deep anaesthesia with lasting analgesia could be maintained by i.v. infusion (0.075 ml/kg/min). This procedure blocked the responsiveness to painful stimulation while pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes were maintained. Hexobarbitone in a dose of 20.0 mg/kg i.p. did not produce anaesthesia in the cat. Administration of 40.0 mg/kg i.p. resulted in a rapid decrease of MUA in the MRF, AH and AMY, MUA responses to each stimulation were abolished and the pharyngeal reflex was blocked.     

Tonic and phasic modifications of viscerosensory evoked potentials during sleep in cats

Modification of the viscerosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were studied during the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the rat. Electrical stimuli of various intensity were delivered either to the mucosal surface of a fistula of the small intestine or to the left splanchnic nerve during wakefulness (W), drowsiness (D), slow-wave-sleep (SWS), and paradoxical sleep (PS). The average EPs were recorded from the somatosensory (SI and SII) and associative (AS) areas of the cortex, the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus (VPL), the posterior hypothalamus (HPT) and the dorsal hippocampus (HPC). The amplitude of each component of the EPs in all explored structures were the largest in SWS and the smallest in W. A phasic increase in amplitude was observed in the EPs recorded immediately before the appearance of the spindles of SWS and during the REM episodes of PS. The peak latencies of the late components were the longest in SWS. These changes of the amplitudes and latencies were greater in the responses to weak stimulation than in EPs to strong ones. The possible synaptic events of the sleep-dependent control of viscerosensory activity are discussed.     

Transition-state stabilization at the oxyanion binding sites of serine and thiol proteinases: hydrolyses of thiono and oxygen esters

X-ray diffraction studies suggested that the tetrahedral intermediate formed during the catalysis by serine and thiol proteinases can be stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the protein to the oxyanion of the intermediate [cf. Kraut, J. (1977) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 331-358; Drenth, J., Kalk, K.H., & Swen, H.M. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3731-3738]. To obtain evidence in favor or against this hypothesis, we synthesized thiono substrates (the derivatives of N-benzoyl-glycine methyl ester and N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester) containing a sulfur in place of the carbonyl oxygen atom of the scissile ester bond. We anticipated that this relatively subtle structural change specifically directed to the oxyanion binding site should produce serious catalytic consequences owing to the different properties of oxygen and sulfur if transition-state stabilization in the oxyanion hole is indeed important. In fact, while in alkaline hydrolysis the chemical reactivities of oxygen esters and corresponding thiono esters proved to be similar, neither chymotrypsin nor subtilisin hydrolyzed the thiono esters at a measurable rate. This result substantiates the crucial role of the oxyanion binding site in serine proteinase catalysis. On the basis of the similar values of the binding constants found for oxygen esters and their thiono counterparts, it can be concluded that the substitution of sulfur for oxygen significantly influences transition state stabilization but not substrate binding. The thiol proteinases papain and chymopapain react with the oxygen and thiono esters of N-benzoylglycine at similar rates. Apparently, in these reactions the above stabilizing mechanism is absent or not important, which is a major mechanistic difference between the catalyses by serine and thiol proteinases.     

Identification of guanine and adenine adducts in DNA alkylated by dibromodulcitol in vitro and in vivo

DNA reacted with dibromodulcitol in neutral solution yielded 3- and 7-alkyl substituted purines after hydrolysis at neutral pH-value at 37°C. The alkylated products were identified by mass spectrometry and by comparison of their UV absorption spectra and chromatographic properties on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and various columns with those of the corresponding galactitylpurine derivatives obtained by synthetic route from alkylation of the appropriate nucleic bases or nucleosides. The labelled alkylpurines occurring in DNA of Yoshida tumour cells treated with [³H]dibromodulcitol in vivo were also indentified by co-chromatography of labelled DNA hydrolysate with synthetic 3- and 7-alkyl substituted purines. On the basis of the same chromatographic behaviour 3-(1-deoxy-3,6-anhydrogalactit-1-yl)adenine, 7-(1-deoxygalactit-1-yl)guanine, 7-(1-deoxy-3,6-anhydrogalactit-1-yl)guanine and 1,6-di(guanin-7-yl)-1,6-dideoxygalactitol were identified as main alkylated products in tumor cell DNA after in vivo treatment with dibromodulcitol.