A global invasion by the thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis: Current virus vector status and its management

Western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally, attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops. In addition to causing extensive crop damage, the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses, mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus, Ilarvirus, Alphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus. Once infected by orthotospoviruses, thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed. These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems, and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides, contributing to further development of insecticide resistance. To mitigate against this continuing cycle, the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field. This review provides information on the pest status of F. occidentalis, discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species, examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus‐induced diseases by thrips, and reviews different management strategies, highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems. The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F. occidentalis and viruses are proposed.     

Physiological functions of Wilms’ tumor 1-associating protein and its role in tumourigenesis

The Wilms’ tumor-associated gene WT1 encodes a tumor suppressor gene, which is implicated in renal differentiation and development of adult urogenital system. Wilms’ tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) is initially identified as a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with WT1 in both in vitro and in vivo assays. WTAP is ubiquitously expressed in different tissues and various growth periods, and its expression is involved in cell cycle, RNA splicing and stabilization, N6-methyladenosine RNA modification, cell proliferation, and apoptosis as well as embryonic development. In the present review, we aimed to summarize the functions of WTAP in various physiological and pathological processes, in particular with regard to the current knowledge about the role of WTAP in tumorigenesis of different cancers.     

Seasonal dynamics of soil fauna in the subalpine and alpine forests of west Sichuan at different altitudes

The climate (especially temperature) often plays an important role in the structure, function as well as composition of soil organisms in different latitudes and altitudes. As one of the essential components of soil ecosystem, soil faunal community not only lays their roles as soil engineer in material cycling and energy flow, but also acts as the sensitive bio-indicator to environmental change. However, little information has been available on the responses of soil faunal community to the changed environment at different altitudes and seasons. In order to understand the seasonal dynamics of soil faunal diversity under different forests with varying altitudes, three fir (Abies faxoniana) forests were selected covering a 600 m vertical transition zone. The primary fir forest at 3600 m (A1) of altitude, mixed fir and birch forest at 3300 m (A2) of altitude, and secondary fir forest at 3000 m (A3) of altitude are representative forests in the subalpine and alpine region of west Sichuan. A 2 years study was conducted in the three subalpine and alpine forests from May in 2009 until October in 2010. Soil samples were collected in both the soil organic layer and mineral soil layer. Soil macro-fauna were picked up by hand in the fields. Meso/micro-fauna and damp living fauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods in laboratory, respectively. A total of 74,827 individuals were collected in the 2 years, belonging to seven phyla, 16 classes, 31 orders and 125 families by preliminary identification. Similar dominant groups were detected in different forests at different altitudes, consisting of Spirostreptida, Formicidae, Staphylinidae, Hesperinidae, Onychiuridae, Isotomidae, Oribatuloidae, Alicoragiidae, Secernentea, and Adenophorea. In contrast, the ordinary species of macro-fauna and the ratios of Acarina to Collembolan were obviously different. For instance, the ordinary species were dominated by Cydmaenidae and Mycetophilidae at the A1, Scaphidiidae and Helicinidae at the A2, and Lumbricida and Agelenidae at the A3, respectively. Both the individual density and the number of soil faunal groups were significantly higher in soil organic layer than those in mineral soil layer. The density and group of macro-, meso- and micro-fauna in different forests showed the order as A2 > A1 > A3, but the density of damp living fauna showed the order as A1 > A2 > A3. The functional groups of macro-fauna were mainly dominated by saprozoic. The highest density and group of macro-fauna was observed in August, while the highest value of meso/micro-fauna was detected in October. In addition, the Jacard similarity indices showed that the composition and structure of soil fauna were similar in the different forests varied with altitudes, but the Shannon–Wiener indices were significantly different. The highest values of Shannon–Wiener indices were observed in October at both the A1 and A3, and in August at the A2. The results suggested that soil faunal community kept a high diversity in the subalpine and alpine forests of west Sichuan, and their structures were significantly affected by the variation of altitudes, which provided important scientific evidences for understanding the ecological processes in the subalpine and alpine coniferous forests.     

A modified cornish pasty method for ex ovo culture of the chick embryo development

Chick embryos grown in ex ovo culture by the modified Cornish pasty method reported in Nagai, Lin and Sheng in this issue.     

Dissecting the molecular mechanism of drosophila odorant receptors through activity modeling and comparative analysis

To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of odorant receptors (ORs) in Drosophila species, we developed a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) model that predicts experimentally measured electrophysiological activities between 24 D. melanogaster ORs and 108 odorants. Although the model is limited by the tested odorants,analyzing the model allowed dissection of specific topological and chemical properties necessary for an odorant to elicit excitatory or inhibitory receptor response. Linear odorants with five to eight nonhydrogen atoms at the main chain and hydrogen‐bond acceptor and/or hydrogen‐bond donor at its ends were found to stimulate strong excitatory response. A comparative sequence analysis of 90 ORs in 15 orthologous groups identified 15 putative specificity‐determining residues (SDRs) and 15 globally conserved residues that we postulate as functionally key residues. Mapping to a model of secondary structure resulted in 14 out of 30 key residues locating to the transmembrane (TM) domains. Twelve residues, including six SDRs and six conserved residues, are located at the extracellular halves of the TM domains. Combining the evidence from the QSAR modeling and the comparative sequence analysis, we hypothesize that the Drosophila ORs accept odorants into a binding pocket located on the extracellular halves of its TM domains. The QSAR modeling suggests that the binding pocket is around 15 Å in depth and about 6 Å in width. Twelve mainly polar or charged key residues, both SDRs and conserved, are located inthis pocket and postulated to distinguish docked odorants via primarily geometry fitting and hydrogen‐bond interaction. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Colonization of endophyte Acremonium sp. D212 in Panax notoginseng and rice mediated by auxin and jasmonic acid

Endophytic fungi can be beneficial to plant growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying colonization of Acremonium spp. remain unclear.In this study, a novel endophytic Acremonium strain was isolated from the buds of Panax notoginseng and named Acremonium sp. D212. The Acremonium sp. D212 could colonize the roots of P. notoginseng,enhance the resistance of P. notoginseng to root rot disease, and promote root growth and saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng. Acremonium sp. D212 could secrete indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) and jasmonic acid(JA), and inoculation with the fungus increased the endogenous levels of IAA and JA in P. notoginseng. Colonization of the Acremonium sp. D212 in the roots of the rice line Nipponbare was dependent on the concentration of methyl jasmonate(Me JA)(2–15 μmol/L) and 1-naphthalenacetic acid(NAA)(10–20 μmol/L). Moreover, the roots of the JA signaling-defective coi1-18 mutant were colonized by Acremonium sp. D212 to a lesser degree than those of the wild-type Nipponbare and mi R393 boverexpressing lines, and the colonization was rescued by Me JA but not by NAA. It suggests that the cross-talk between JA signaling and the auxin biosynthetic pathway plays a crucial role in the colonization of Acremonium sp. D212 in host plants.     

Computer‐aided assessment of the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a vicious and invasive disease. The major challenge in the clinical treatment of GBC is the lack of a suitable prognosis method. Chemokine receptors such as CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 play vital roles in the process of tumour progression and metastasis. Their expression levels and distribution are proven to be indicative of the progression of GBC, but are hard to be decoded by conventional pathological methods, and therefore, not commonly used in the prognosis of GBC. In this study, we developed a computer‐aided image analysis method, which we used to quantitatively measure the expression levels of CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 in the nuclei and cytoplasm of glandular and interstitial cells from a cohort of 55 GBC patients. We found that CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expressions are associated with the clinicopathological variables of GBC. Cytoplasmic CXCR3, nuclear CXCR7 and cytoplasmic CXCR7 were significant predictive factors of histology invasion, whereas cytoplasmic CXCR4 and nuclear CXCR4 were significantly correlated with T and N stage and were associated with the overall survival and disease‐free survival. These results suggest that the quantification and localisation of CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expressions in different cell types should be considered using computer‐aided assessment to improve the accuracy of prognosis in GBC.     

New mechanism of nerve injury in Alzheimer’s disease: β‐amyloid‐induced neuronal pyroptosis

The present study was designed to investigate the role of β‐amyloid (Aβ_1‐42) in inducing neuronal pyroptosis and its mechanism. Mice cortical neurons (MCNs) were used in this study, LPS + Nigericin was used to induce pyroptosis in MCNs (positive control group), and Aβ_1‐42 was used to interfere with MCNs. In addition, propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to examine cell permeability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was employed to detect cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to investigate the expression level of the key protein GSDMD, Western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of key proteins, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to determine the expression levels of inflammatory factors in culture medium, including IL‐1β, IL‐18 and TNF‐α. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the mRNA expression of caspase‐1 and GSDMD, and Aβ_1‐42 was used to induce pyroptosis, followed by investigation of the role of caspase‐1‐mediated GSDMD cleavage in pyroptosis. In addition, necrosulfonamide (NSA), an inhibitor of GSDMD oligomerization, was used for pre‐treatment, and Aβ_1‐42 was subsequently used to observe the pyroptosis in MCNs. Finally, AAV9‐siRNA‐caspase‐1 was injected into the tail vein of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice (Alzheimer's disease mice) for caspase‐1 mRNA inhibition, followed by observation of behavioural changes in mice and measurement of the expression of inflammatory factors and pyroptosis‐related protein. As results, Aβ_1‐42 could induce pyroptosis in MCNs, increase cell permeability and enhance LDH release, which were similar to the LPS + Nigericin‐induced pyroptosis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cellular GSDMD and p30‐GSDMD were up‐regulated, the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD‐cleaved protein caspase‐1 were up‐regulated, and the levels of inflammatory factors in the medium were also up‐regulated. siRNA intervention in caspase‐1 or GSDMD inhibited Aβ_1‐42‐induced pyroptosis, and NSA pre‐treatment also caused the similar inhibitory effects. The behavioural ability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice was relieved after the injection of AAV9‐siRNA‐caspase‐1, and the expression of pyroptosis‐related protein in the cortex and hippocampus was down‐regulated. In conclusion, Aβ_1‐42 could induce pyroptosis by GSDMD protein, and NLRP3‐caspase‐1 signalling was an important signal to mediate GSDMD cleavage, which plays an important role in Aβ_1‐42‐induced pyroptosis in neurons. Therefore, GSDMD is expected to be a novel therapeutic target for AD.     

TGFβ2 is a prognostic‐related biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer

TGFβ2 is an essential regulator of immune cell functionality, but the mechanisms whereby it drives immune infiltration in gastric cancer remain uncertain. The Oncomine and Tumor Immunoassay Resource (TIMER) databases were used for assessing the expression of TGFβ2, after which TIMER was used to explore the relationship between TGFβ2 and tumour immune infiltration. Finally, we assessed how TGFβ2 expression correlated with the expression of a set of marker genes associated with immune infiltration using TIMER and GEPIA. We determined TGFβ2 expression to be significantly correlated with outcome in multiple types of cancer in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), with the effect being particularly pronounced in gastric cancer. Furthermore, elevated TGFβ2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with gastric cancer N staging, and with the expression of a variety of immune markers associated with particular immune cell subsets. These results indicate that TGFΒ2 is associated with patient outcome and tumour immune cell infiltration in multiple cancer types. This suggests that TGFβ2 is a key factor which governs immune cell recruitment to gastric cancer tumours, potentially playing a vital role in governing immune cell infiltration and thus representing a valuable prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer patients.