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121.
    

Background

Protein phosphatases (PPs) play critical roles in various cellular processes through the reversible protein phosphorylation that dictates many signal transduction pathways among organisms. Recently, PPs in Arabidopsis and rice have been identified, while the whole complement of PPs in maize is yet to be reported.

Results

In this study, we have identified 159 PP-encoding genes in the maize genome. Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ZmPP gene family into 3 classes (PP2C, PTP, and PP2A) with considerable conservation among classes. Similar intron/exon structural patterns were observed in the same classes. Moreover, detailed gene structures and duplicative events were then researched. The expression profiles of ZmPPs under different developmental stages and abiotic stresses (including salt, drought, and cold) were analyzed using microarray and RNA-seq data. A total of 152 members were detected in 18 different tissues representing distinct stages of maize plant developments. Under salt stress, one gene was significantly up-expressed in seed root (SR) and one gene was down-expressed in primary root (PR) and crown root (CR), respectively. As for drought stress condition, 13 genes were found to be differentially expressed in leaf, out of which 10 were up-regulated and 3 exhibited down-regulation. Additionally, 13 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated genes were found in cold-tolerant line ETH-DH7. Furthermore, real-time PCR was used to confirm the expression patterns of ZmPPs.

Conclusions

Our results provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and characteristic functions of maize PPs and will be useful in studies aimed at revealing the global regulatory network in maize abiotic stress responses, thereby contributing to the maize molecular breeding with enhanced quality traits.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-773) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   
122.
    

Background

Kernicterus still occurs around the world; however, the mechanism of bilirubin neurotoxicity remains unclear, and effective treatment strategies are lacking. To solve these problems, several kernicterus (or acute bilirubin encephalopathy) animal models have been established, but these models are difficult and expensive. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish a novel kernicterus model that is simple and affordable by injecting unconjugated bilirubin solution into the cisterna magna (CM) of ordinary newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

Methods

On postnatal day 5, SD rat pups were randomly divided into bilirubin and control groups. Then, either bilirubin solution or ddH2O (pH = 8.5) was injected into the CM at 10 µg/g (bodyweight). For model characterization, neurobehavioral outcomes were observed, mortality was calculated, and bodyweight was recorded after bilirubin injection and weaning. Apoptosis in the hippocampus was detected by H&E staining, TUNEL, flow cytometry and Western blotting. When the rats were 28 days old, learning and memory ability were evaluated using the Morris water maze test.

Results

The bilirubin-treated rats showed apparently abnormal neurological manifestations, such as clenched fists, opisthotonos and torsion spasms. Bodyweight gain in the bilirubin-treated rats was significantly lower than that in the controls (P<0.001). The early and late mortality of the bilirubin-treated rats were both dramatically higher than those of the controls (P = 0.004 and 0.017, respectively). Apoptosis and necrosis in the hippocampal nerve cells in the bilirubin-treated rats were observed. The bilirubin-treated rats performed worse than the controls on the Morris water maze test.

Conclusion

By injecting bilirubin into the CM, we successfully created a new kernicterus model using ordinary SD rats; the model mimics both the acute clinical manifestations and the chronic sequelae. In particular, CM injection is easy to perform; thus, more stable models for follow-up study are available.  相似文献   
123.
土壤水肥因子对胡杨幼苗生长权衡和木质化的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
以当年生胡杨幼苗为材料,通过不同水平的水分和养分单因素控制盆栽试验,探讨土壤水肥因子对当年生胡杨幼苗生长权衡和木质化的影响,以明确胡杨生长过程中以及种子更新困难的原因和机理。结果表明:(1)当年生胡杨幼苗生长权衡主要体现在生物量的分配策略上,而主根长/高度没有显著差异。(2)在连续给水处理下,干旱胁迫使幼苗根冠比显著增加,土壤含水量15%处理的根冠比较含水量20%和30%处理分别显著增加了75%和93%;但干旱胁迫抑制了生物量的积累,含水量10%处理下生物量比15%、20%和30%处理分别显著减小53.4%、89.2%、78.6%;在断续给水处理下,随着干旱程度的增加幼苗根冠比显著增加,土壤含水量15%处理的根冠比较含水量20%和30%处理分别显著增加34%和38%;连续给水和断续给水两类干旱胁迫均能明显增加幼苗根系木质化程度。(3)土壤施加氮磷均显著增加幼苗根冠比和木质化,但过量的氮肥抑制根系生物量的积累。可见,胡杨幼苗对于水肥条件胁迫敏感性与生长权衡能力是胡杨林种子更新与种群维持的关键环节,调整立地土壤水肥环境对当年生胡杨幼苗的生长定居有重要的作用。  相似文献   
124.
    
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. Proteins in the PYR/PYL/RCAR family (hereafter referred to as PYLs) are known as ABA receptors. Since most studies thus far have focused on Arabidopsis PYLs, little is known about PYL homologs in crop plants. We report here the characterization of 21 PYL homologs (GmPYLs) in soybean. Twenty-three putative GmPYLs can be found from soybean genome sequence and categorized into three subgroups. GmPYLs interact with AtABI1 and two GmPP2Cs in diverse manners. A lot of the subgroup I GmPYLs interact with PP2Cs in an ABA-dependent manner, whereas most of the subgroup II and III GmPYLs bind to PP2Cs in an ABA-independent manner. The subgroup III GmPYL23, which cannot interact with any of the tested PP2Cs, differs from other GmPYLs. The CL2/gate domain is crucial for GmPYLs-PP2Cs interaction, and a mutation in the conserved proline (P109S) abolishes the interaction between GmPYL1 and AtABI1. Furthermore, the ABA dependence of GmPYLs-PP2Cs interactions are partially correlated with two amino acid residues preceding the CL2/gate domain of GmPYLs. We also show that GmPYL1 interacts with AtABI1 in an ABA-dependent manner in plant cells. Three GmPYLs differentially inhibit AtABI1 and GmPP2C1 in an ABA-dependent or -enhanced manner in vitro. In addition, ectopically expressing GmPYL1 partially restores ABA sensitivity of the Arabidopsis triple mutant pyr1/pyl1/pyl4. Taken together, our results suggest that soybean GmPYLs are ABA receptors that function by interacting and inhibiting PP2Cs.  相似文献   
125.
PBL 教学法是一种源自西方,近年来引入我国全新教学模式,它主要培养学生的自学能力,发展学生综合思考能力和解决实际问题能.本文作者总结了中国医科大学病原生物学教研室三年来在理论课教学中采用PBL教学模式的实践经验,通过样本成绩分析证明了 PBL 教学方法对于提高学生综合思考能力很有帮助,同时在意见反馈结果中也显示学生对于 PBL 教学模式有很高的热情,可以很好地发挥学生的主观能动性.  相似文献   
126.
确定了工程菌MM2中霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)在含乳酸培养基中的高表达方案。采用两阶段控制培养温度(30℃→37℃)可提高CTB产量4倍,提高后期pH值(72→84)可提高CTB比表达水平214倍,中间补加乙酸钠可提高CTB产量65%。在5L发酵罐培养菌密度OD600达30,CTB产量达1867mg/L,产物在培养液中以多聚体形式存在,具有抗原性。  相似文献   
127.
利用鸟苷生产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)754#,在50L发酵罐成功优化的基础上,分别在12M^3的中试规模和100M^3的生产规模进行了放大,产苷分别达到29.4g/L和21.4g/L;进而通过过程缩小(scale down)方法,从代谢流动态变化的角度研究了放大过程中存在的问题,发现DO是限制过程放大的另一重要因素,据此将50L规模克服代谢流迁移的优化工艺成功放大到生产规模,使产苦水平进一步提高了18%,达25.2g/L。  相似文献   
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130.
    
Dear Editor,Stem cell therapy holds enormous and revolutionary promise to treat various age-related diseases,such as diabetes,heart failure,and Parkinson's dis...  相似文献   
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