Dynamic heat and moisture transfer through multiple clothing layers

1. 1. The purposes of this study are to find out the arrangement effects on the vapor pressure gradient across the cotton–nylon double layer and to elucidate changes in the vapor pressure gradient when an additional third layer covers the double layer.

2. 2. Model tests for single, double and triple layer system and wear test for triple layer clothing were conducted.

3. 3. It was found that up to the second layer, dryness of innermost microclimate could be maintained when cotton faced the skin (C/N).

4. 4. However, when more permeable and hydrophobic third layer (UWF) covers the double layer, the microclimate of C/N is no longer drier than N/C.

5. 5. When nylon is exposed to the skin, a larger drop in vapor pressure across the first two layers occurred for both model and wear test.

6. 6. The innermost microclimate was not necessarily kept dry when the outermost layer dissipated more moisture due to the inefficient distribution of moisture.

石菖蒲中一新倍半萜

石菖蒲（Acorus gramineus Soland）的精油经GC/MS/DS检测,硅胶加压柱层分离,得到一新的倍半萜,其在精油中的含量达60.30％,通过波谱方法确定了结构,并命名为石菖蒲酮（gramenone）。     

Mouse blastocyst immunosurgery with commercial antiserum to mouse erythrocytes

Summary Immunosurgery is a useful technique for the isolation of inner cell masses from murine blastocysts. Conventionally, rabbit antisera made ad hoc against murine splenic or fetal cells or fibroblasts have been used as antibody sources. We investigated the feasibility of using commercially available rabbit antiserum to murine erythrocytes (anti-RBC) and compared it with rabbit antiserum generated ad hoc to murine L-cells (anti-L-cell). Our results indicate that anti-RBC is at least as effective as anti-L-cell serum for the immunosurgical isolation of inner cell masses, which became either miniblastocysts (later forming outgrowths) or embryoid bodies (undergoing ectoderm-endodermlike differentiation within 48 h). Because anti-RBC is commercially available, the technical modification described herein increases the accessibility of the immunosurgical protocol for the isolation of murine inner cell masses.     

壳聚糖酶结构与功能的研究进展

壳聚糖酶是一类对壳聚糖具有较高催化活性而几乎不水解几丁质的糖苷水解酶,其可将高分子量的壳聚糖转化为低分子量的功能性壳寡糖。近年来,对壳聚糖酶的相关研究取得了显著进展,因此,本文对其生化性质、晶体结构、催化机制和蛋白质工程改造进行总结和探讨,并对酶法制备壳寡糖纯品进行展望,这将加深研究者对壳聚糖酶作用机制的认识,推动壳聚糖酶的工业应用。     

Matching models of left ventricle and systemic artery

To reveal how the matching models of the left ventricle and its afterload affect the pressure and flow in the aortic root, the differences between the measured pressure and flow waveforms and those determined by three kinds of matching model were compared. The results showed that, compared with the results by both matching models 1 and 2, the pressure and flow waveforms determined by matching model 3 established in this work were in the closest agreement with the corresponding experimental waveforms, therefore indicating that matching model 3 was a matching model that closely and rationally characterized the match between the left ventricle and the systemic artery.     

Cellular Lipid and Fatty Acid Compositions of Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains Isolated from Human and Environment in Viet Nam

Viet nam is known as an endemic area of melioidosis but its etiologic agent originated in Viet nam was not extensively studied. For the first time, we analyzed the cellular lipid and fatty acid compositions of 15 Vietnamese isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei, 10 from humans and 5 from the environment. Cellular lipid compositions were analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G plates. Cellular fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major lipids in all the isolates were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), two forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-1 and PE-2), and two forms of ornithine-containing lipid (OL-1 and OL-2). PE-1 contained non-hydroxy fatty acids at both sn-1 and ?2 positions, while PE-2 possessed 2-hydroxy fatty acids and non-hydroxy fatty acids in a ratio of 1: 1. Since snake venom phospholipase A₂ digestion of PE-2 liberated 2-hydroxy fatty acids, it was confirmed that these acids are at the sn-2 position of glycerol moiety. In both OL-1 and OL-2, amide-linked fatty acid was 3-hydroxy palmitic acid (3-OH-C16: 0), while ester-linked fatty acids were non-hydroxy acids in OL-1 and 2-hydroxy acids in OL-2. The total cellular fatty acid compositions of the test strains were characterized by the presence of 2-hydroxy palmitic (2-OH-C16: 0), 2-hydroxy hexadecenoic (2-OH-C16: 1), 2-hydroxy octadecenoic (2-OH-C18: 1), 2-hydroxy methylene octadecanoic (2-OH-C19CPA), 3-hydroxy myristic (3-OH-C14: 0) and 3-hydroxy palmitic (3-OH-C16: 0) acids. There were significant differences in the concentration of hexadecenoic (C16: 1), methylene hexadecanoic (C17CPA), octadecenoic (C18: 1) and methylene octadecanoic (C19CPA) acids among the Vietnamese isolates of B. pseudomallei. However, no significant difference was observed in cellular lipid and fatty acid components between strains of human and environmental origins.     

Enhanced virulence effect of K1 polysaccharide in neonatal rats challenged withE. coli

Purified K1 polysaccharide enhanced the virulence of non-K1Escherichia coli species when given by orogastric feeding to neonatal rats. Neonatal rats developedE. coli bacteremia when K1 polysaccharide was given concomitantly with non-K1E. coli, whereasE. coli bacteremia did not develop when non-K1E. coli was given alone.E. coli K1 species did cause bacteremia and meningitis when fed to neonatal rats. The mechanism by which k1 polysaccharide enhances virulence can be studied with this model of bacteremia development in neonatal rats.     

应用植物学的研究动向

在一九八一年八月二十一日至二十九日于澳大利亚悉尼召开的“第十三届国际植物学会议”上,应用植物学作为一个学科组共有下列十三项中心议题:1.植物生产力的改进——生理学界线的探讨;2.植物育种的新领域;3.在植物生物学中的细胞培养和体细胞遗传;4.杂草的性质及其起源;5.有利于人类幸福的民族植物学;6.改善旱地作物的水分利用;7.生态系统中的氮素迁移;8.树木营养;9.人工气候室