我国天然香料资源开发现状及其产品市场分析

本文综述了我国天然香料资源的分布及开发利用现状 ,分析了主要天然香料产品的市场需求趋势 ,并在此基础上提出了今后云南省“十·五”期间天然香料资源开发的重点与目标。     

京津冀地区城市化对植被覆盖度及景观格局的影响

定量研究了2000—2010年,京津冀地区植被覆盖度及其景观格局的动态变化,揭示了城市化进程对植被景观的干扰过程及生态质量的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年,城市化进程显著是京津冀城市群土地变化的一大特点,人工表面面积从2000年的1.79×10~4km~2增加至2.16×10~4km~2,增幅高达21.16%;(2)京津冀平均植被覆盖度呈增加趋势但不显著(P=0.46),存在明显的时空动态差异。在覆盖度结构上形成了以中低和中植被覆盖度为主导的格局;(3)从景观空间格局变化来看,中低、高覆盖度区域植被景观更加破碎,而低、中等覆盖度区域的植被面积增加,景观破碎度减小;尤其是低植被覆盖度为主的城市区域,景观格局变化幅度大,表现为绿地面积有所增加,景观破碎化程度降低,生态质量有所改善;(4)在整个研究区范围,城市化对区域植被覆盖度存在负面影响,表现为城市化程度与区域平均植被覆盖度存在负相关(P=0.08);但是在低植被覆盖度的区域(主要为城市区域),城市化程度与植被覆盖面积呈显著正相关(P0.001),表明城市区域在城市化进程中植被覆盖面积有所提高,生态质量有所改善,与城市化过程中,日益重视城市绿地的建设有关。     

Effect of size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers on their skin penetration

The barrier functions of the stratum corneum and the epidermal layers present a tremendous challenge in achieving effective transdermal delivery of drug molecules. Although a few reports have shown that poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are effective skin-penetration enhancers, little is known regarding the fundamental mechanisms behind the dendrimer-skin interactions. In this Article, we have performed a systematic study to better elucidate how dendrimers interact with skin layers depending on their size and surface groups. Franz diffusion cells and confocal microscopy were employed to observe dendrimer interactions with full-thickness porcine skin samples. We have found that smaller PAMAM dendrimers (generation 2 (G2)) penetrate the skin layers more efficiently than the larger ones (G4). We have also found that G2 PAMAM dendrimers that are surface-modified by either acetylation or carboxylation exhibit increased skin permeation and likely diffuse through an extracellular pathway. In contrast, amine-terminated dendrimers show enhanced cell internalization and skin retention but reduced skin permeation. In addition, conjugation of oleic acid to G2 dendrimers increases their 1-octanol/PBS partition coefficient, resulting in increased skin absorption and retention. Here we report that size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity directly dictate the permeation route and efficiency of dendrimer translocation across the skin layers, providing a design guideline for engineering PAMAM dendrimers as a potential transdermal delivery vector.     

Effects of high-salt diet on CYP450-4A omega-hydroxylase expression and active tone in mesenteric resistance arteries

This study investigated the role of changes in the expression of the cytochrome P-450 4A (CYP450-4A) enzymes that produce 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in modulating the responses of rat mesenteric resistance arteries to norepinephrine (NE) and reduced Po(2) after short-term (3-day) changes in dietary salt intake. The CYP450-4A2, -4A3, and -4A8 isoforms were all detected by RT-PCR in arteries obtained from rats fed a high-salt (HS, 4% NaCl) diet, whereas only the CYP450-4A3 isoform was detected in vessels from rats fed a low-salt (LS, 0.4% NaCl) diet. Expression of the 51-kDa CYP450-4A protein was significantly increased by a HS diet. Inhibiting 20-HETE synthesis with 30 muM N-methylsulfonyl-12,12-dibromododec-11-enamide (DDMS) reduced the vasoconstrictor response to NE in arteries obtained from rats fed either a LS or HS diet, but NE sensitivity after DDMS treatment was significantly lower in vessels from rats on a HS diet. DDMS treatment also restored the vasodilator response to reduced Po(2) that was impaired in arteries from rats on a HS diet. These findings suggest that 1) a HS diet increases the expression of CYP450-4A enzymes in the mesenteric vasculature, 2) 20-HETE contributes to the vasoconstrictor response to NE in mesenteric resistance arteries, 3) the contribution of 20-HETE to the vasoconstrictor response to NE is greater in rats fed a HS diet than in rats fed a LS diet, and 4) upregulation of the production of 20-HETE contributes to the impaired dilation of mesenteric resistance arteries in response to hypoxia in rats fed a HS diet.     

Effects of AANAT overexpression on the inflammatory responses and autophagy activity in the cellular and transgenic animal levels

To explore the anti-inflammatory activity of endogenous produced melatonin, a melatonin-enriched animal model (goat) with AANAT transfer was successfully generated with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. Basically, a pIRES2-EGFP-AANAT expression vector was constructed and was transferred into the female fetal fibroblast cells (FFCs) via electrotransfection and then the nuclear of the transgenic FFC was transferred to the eggs of the donor goats. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the transgenic offspring expressed significantly higher levels of AANAT and melatonin synthetic function than those PBMCs from the wild-type (WT) animals. After challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the transgenic PBMCs had increased autophagosomes and LC3B expression while they exhibited suppressed production of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL1B and IL12 (IL12A-IL12B/p70), compared to their WT. The mechanistic analysis indicated that the anti-inflammatory activity of endogenous melatonin was mediated by MTNR1B (melatonin receptor 1B). MTNR1B stimulation activated the MAPK14 signaling pathway to promote cellular macroautophagy/autophagy, thus, suppressing the excessive inflammatory response of cellular. However, when the intact animals challenged with LPS, the serum proinflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the transgenic goats than that in the WT. The results indicated that endogenous melatonin inhibited the MAPK1/3 signaling pathway and ROS production, subsequently downregulated gene expression of BECN1, ATG5 in PMBCs and then suppressed the autophagy activity of PBMCs and finally elevated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines in transgenic animals, Herein we provided a novel melatonin-enriched animal model to study the potential effects of endogenously produced melatonin on inflammatory responses and autophagy activity.     

苏云金杆菌在味精废水中的培养与发酵特性

该文讨论了苏云金杆菌HM－1菌株在以味精废水为原料的培养基上的生长,经多次摇瓶培养,确定了最适培养基成份,在此基础上,进行了30L通风搅拌罐的深层培养,研究了苏云金杆菌HM－1菌株在30升通风发酵罐深层培养的发酵特性。     

滇东英武山杜鹃花种质资源的调查

采用实地调查的方法,以云南省东部曲靖地区师宗县境内英武山为调查研究区域,以分布于该区域的杜鹃花属植物为重点调查对象,记录其区域内杜鹃花属植物种类、杜鹃花资源的垂直分布和水平分布。在对英武山杜鹃花属植物进行系统调查和资料整理的基础上,研究了该属植物在英武山的分布规律,结果表明,英武山杜鹃资源有10种,分布于海拔2 000~2 400 m之间。其水平分布呈现不均匀格局。在此基础上对10种(包括亚种和变种)杜鹃花的的生境类型和主要种类的观赏性状,包括花、叶及其花期以及旅游资源开发现状和利用途径的问题进行了详细观察和探讨。提出了进一步加强对杜鹃花属植物资源保护与开发利用、加强野生杜鹃引种驯化、利用杂交及现代生物学技术培育杜鹃花新品种的建议。     

Butanol production from glycerol by recombinant Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli MG1655 (DE3) with the ability to synthesize butanol from glycerol was constructed by metabolic engineering. The genes thil, adhe2, bcs operon (crt, bcd, etfB, etfA, and hbd) were cloned into the plasmid vectors, pETDuet-1 and pACYCDuet-1, then the two resulting plasmids, pACYC-thl-bcs and pET-adhe2, were transferred to E. coli, and the recombinant strain was able to synthesize up to 18.5 mg/L butanol on a glycerol-containing medium. After the glycerol transport protein gene GlpF was expressed, the butanol production was improved to 22.7 mg/L. The competing pathway of byproducts, such as ethanol, succinate, and lactate, was subsequently deleted to improve the 1-butanol production to 97.9 mg/L. Moreover, a NADH regeneration system was introduced into the E. coli, and finally a 154.0 mg/L butanol titer was achieved in a laboratory-scale shake-flask experiment.     

The influence of the cation of quaternized chitosans on antioxidant activity

Various quaternized chitosans (QCSs) were synthesized according to previous method. Their reducing power and antioxidant potency against hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were explored by the established systems in vitro. The QCSs exhibited markedly antioxidant activity, especially TCEDMCS, whose IC₅₀ on hydroxyl radicals was 0.235 mg/mL. They showed 65–80% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide at a dose of 0.5 mg/mL. Generally, the antioxidant activity decreased in the order TCEDMCS > TBEDMCS > EDMCS > PDMCS > IBDMCS > Chitosan. Furthermore, the order of their OH and H₂O₂ scavenging activity was consistent with the electronegativity of different substituted groups in the QCSs. The QCSs showed much stronger antioxidant activity than that of chitosan may be due to the positive charge density of the nitrogen atoms in QCSs strengthened by the substituted groups.     

分子标记对草原野生食用菌蒙古口蘑的鉴别分析

对采自内蒙古锡林郭勒草原的野生食用菌蒙古口蘑(Tricholoma mongolicum Imai.)等10个菌种进行了ITS和ISSR分子标记的鉴定,其中蒙古口蘑共计4个不同来源菌种,其它6个菌种为子实体与蒙古口蘑形态相近的常见草原菇类或市售食用菌,鉴定结果用RAPD进行辅助分析验证。从12条ISSR引物中筛选出2条可用引物,扩增总条带数为246条,多态性标记为215个,多态性频率为87.4%。经过NT-SYS软件聚类分析,发现在ISSR分析中结合ITS方法可以有效地将蒙古口蘑与其它菌种区分开,这与RAPD法的分析结果相一致,获得了可靠的野生食用菌分子标记方法。研究表明ISSR分子标记是蒙古口蘑等野生食用菌鉴定的理想手段之一。