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Ectopic expression of a novel OsExtensin‐like gene consistently enhances plant lodging resistance by regulating cell elongation and cell wall thickening in rice
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Chunfen Fan Ying Li Zhen Hu Huizhen Hu Guangya Wang Ao Li Youmei Wang Yuanyuan Tu Tao Xia Liangcai Peng Shengqiu Feng 《Plant biotechnology journal》2018,16(1):254-263
Plant lodging resistance is an important integrative agronomic trait of grain yield and quality in crops. Although extensin proteins are tightly associated with plant cell growth and cell wall construction, little has yet been reported about their impacts on plant lodging resistance. In this study, we isolated a novel extensin‐like (OsEXTL) gene in rice, and selected transgenic rice plants that expressed OsEXTL under driven with two distinct promoters. Despite different OsEXTL expression levels, two‐promoter‐driven OsEXTL‐transgenic plants, compared to a rice cultivar and an empty vector, exhibited significantly reduced cell elongation in stem internodes, leading to relatively shorter plant heights by 7%–10%. Meanwhile, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants showed remarkably thickened secondary cell walls with higher cellulose levels in the mature plants, resulting in significantly increased detectable mechanical strength (extension and pushing forces) in the mature transgenic plants. Due to reduced plant height and increased plant mechanical strength, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants were detected with largely enhanced lodging resistances in 3 years field experiments, compared to those of the rice cultivar ZH11. In addition, despite relatively short plant heights, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants maintain normal grain yields and biomass production, owing to their increased cellulose levels and thickened cell walls. Hence, this study demonstrates a largely improved lodging resistance in the OsEXTL‐transgenic rice plants, and provides insights into novel extensin functions in plant cell growth and development, cell wall network construction and wall structural remodelling. 相似文献
85.
The characters of mature leaf epidermis of 58 species and 3 varieties belonging to 19 sections, representing all the 4 subgenera:
Protocamellia, Camellia, Thea and Metacamellia were investigated under light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The shape of the epidermal cells is elliptical,
polygonal or irregular and the anticlinal walls are arched, straight or sinuolate, sinuous to sinuate. 2) The stomatal apparatus,
consisting of a stoma (a pore plus a pair of guard cells) and 3–4 subsidiary cells, restricted to the abaxial surface of the
leaves, were assigned to anisocytic, anisotricytic, isotricytic or tetracytic type. 3) Special structures in leaf epidermis,
such as stomatal clusters, aborted stomata, secretory cells, cuticular intrusions and their taxonomic implications were also
elucidated. 相似文献
86.
The gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK) family is recognized as the principal family of hormones involved in regulation of the gastrointestinal tract CCK is recognized as a satiety hormone in mammalian species, but it has been suggested that gastrin rather CCK may have an important role in controlling feeding behavior in the neonatal chick through a poorly developed blood brain barrier. So far, however, there is no direct evidence that central gastrin inhibits food intake in neonatal chicks. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether central administration of gastrin 1) inhibits feeding behavior and 2) alters food passage from the crop. The effects of central administration of gastrin on food intake were investigated in experiment 1. Birds (2-day-old) were food-deprived for 3 h and then gastrin or saline was injected intracerebroventricularly. Gastrin strongly inhibited food intake in a dose-dependent fashion for 2 h. Thereafter, the effects of central gastrin on feeding behavior and serum corticosterone concentration were examined in experiment 2. Following central administration of gastrin, food intake was depressed and pecking behavior was inhibited. Serum corticosterone concentration was not altered by central administration of gastrin. The influence of central gastrin on food passage from the crop was investigated in experiment 3. Central administration of gastrin clearly delayed food passage. In conclusion, central gastrin appears to have a strong effect for the satiety and gastrointestinal motility in the neonatal chick. 相似文献
87.
长白落叶松生理生态特性的CO2响应及意义 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
人工气候室中测定了不同CO2(0-1000mgm^-3)浓度时不同无性系长白落叶松二年生扦插苗的净光合速率,蒸腾速率和水分利用率等,并做了回归分析。结果表明,净光合速率和水分利用率随CO2浓度的增加而升高,蒸腾速度随CO2浓度的增加而降低,但不同无性系的CO2响应方式及强度不同,不同无性系长白落叶松的CO2补偿点亦不同,这些差异是无性系选择的基础上,在无性系选择中,净光合速率和水分利用率的CO2响 相似文献
88.
The effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors,9-hydroxy-fluorene-9-carboxylic acid (HFCA);2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid(TIBA) and trans-cinnamic acid (CA) on leaf pattern formation were investigated with shoots formed from cultured leaf explants of tobacco and cultured pedicel explants of Orychophragmus violaceus,and the seedlings of tobacco and Brassica chinensis,Although the effective concentration varies with the inhibitors used,all of the inhibitors induced the formation of trumpet-shaped and/or fused leaves.The frequency of trumpet-shaped leaf formation was related to the concentration of inhibitors in the medium.Histological observation of tobacco seedlings showed that there was only one main vascular bundle and several minor vascular bundles in normal leaves of the control,but there were several vascular bundles of more or less the same size in the trumpet-shaped leaves of treated ones.These results indicated that auxin polar transport played an important role on bilateral symmetry of leaf growth. 相似文献
89.
Previously we showed a rapid and transient inhibition of gap junctional communication (GJC) by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in T51B rat liver epithelial cells expressing wild-type platelet-derived growth factor β receptors (PDGFrβ). This action of PDGF correlated with the hyperphosphorylation of the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) and required PDGFrβ tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting the participation of protein kinases and phosphatases many of which are activated by PDGF treatment. In the present study, two such kinases, namely protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), are investigated for their possible involvement in PDGF-induced closure of junctional channels and Cx43-phosphorylation. Down-regulation of PKC-isoforms by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor calphostin C, completely blocked PDGF action on GJC and Cx43. Activation of MAPK correlated with PDGF-induced Cx43 phosphorylation, and prevention of MAPK activation by PD98059 eliminated the PDGF effects. Interestingly, elimination of GJC recovery by cycloheximide was associated with a sustained activated-MAPK level. Based on these results we postulate that the activation of PKC and MAPK are required in PDGF-mediated Cx43 phosphorylation and junctional closure. J. Cell. Physiol. 176:332–341, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
90.
Gap junctional communication (GJC) between contacting cells has been postulated to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. This suggestion stems from numerous studies showing modulation of GJC by agents that influence cellular proliferation. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a strong mitogen, inhibits GJC in many cell types. To understand the molecular nature of the signal transduction pathway responsible for the GJC blockade, T51B rat liver epithelial cells, which lack endogenous PDGF receptor (PDGFr), were infected with a retrovirus containing either wild-type full-length cDNA of human PDGFrβ (Kin+) or a mutant PDGFrβ lacking receptor tyrosine kinase activity (Kin−). PDGF caused a complete but transient interruption of cell communication in Kin+ cells within 15–20 min of addition. This interruption of GJC was not associated with a gross destabilization of gap junction plaques but with the phosphorylation of connexin43 (Cx43), the only known gap junction protein expressed in these cells. These effects were not exhibited in either control T51B cells or in Kin− cells, indicating a requirement of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Further examination revealed that the newly phosphorylated Cx43 then undergoes a rapid degradation utilizing the lysosomal pathway resulting in a decreased total Cx43 protein level. The re-establishment of GJC following PDGF treatment was dependent on protein synthesis. This report describes a suitable cell system which is currently being utilized for the characterization of the PDGF signaling pathway responsible for the inhibition of GJC. J. Cell. Physiol. 174:66–77, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献