洞庭湖洲滩速生杨树林变化信息提取方法

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖,其湿地资源具有重要的生态功能和经济价值。近20年来,洞庭湖洲滩速生杨树林发展迅速,其中西洞庭湖杨树林的扩张最为明显,极大改变了湖区湿地植被分布格局,隐含极大的生态风险。以Landsat ETM+和HJ-1A/1B CCD影像为数据源,提出了洞庭湖速生杨树林变化信息提取的两种方法,并对这两种方法进行了比较研究。一种是分类的方法,即采用面向对象分层信息提取的方法先提取出树林滩地信息,再将距离大堤一定范围内的树林滩地归为防护林,速生杨树林变化的面积即为两个时相提取结果的差值。另一种是变化检测的方法,它是基于像元进行变化检测,先确定出总的变化区域,再从中筛选速生杨树林的变化信息。结果表明:(1)两种提取方法都是可行的,不同方法提取的速生林变化信息存在一定差异,但空间分布大体一致;(2)基于分类的方法总体精度和Kappa系数均略高于基于变化检测的方法:其中基于分类的方法总体精度达84.00%,Kappa系数为0.67,基于变化检测的方法总体精度达83.00%,Kappa系数为0.65;(3)基于分类的方法图斑较大、图斑数较少,基于变化检测的方法图斑较小且较破碎、图斑数多;(4)基于分类的方法漏分较少、错分较多,基于变化检测的方法漏分较多、错分较少。为洞庭湖洲滩杨树林的动态监测提供了研究方法,也为杨树林扩张原因及其生态效应分析提供研究基础。     

秦岭南北坡森林鼠类对板栗和锐齿栎种子扩散的影响

森林鼠类的种子贮藏行为对植物的扩散及更新会产生积极的影响。2012和2013年秋季,分别在秦岭北坡的周至国家级自然保护区和南坡的佛坪国家级自然保护区内,调查了森林鼠类对板栗(Castanea mollissima)和锐齿栎(Quercus aliena)种子的取食和扩散差异。结果显示:1)秦岭南北坡的环境因素,特别是植被因素,对鼠类扩散板栗和锐齿栎种子具有重要的影响。南坡较为丰富的壳斗科植被种类,导致2种种子在南坡存留时间均长于北坡,而北坡的扩散取食和丢失率均高于南坡。2)种子特征影响鼠类的取食或贮藏偏好。由于较高的蛋白、脂肪等营养含量,鼠类更喜好取食或搬运贮藏板栗种子。然而,低营养但高丹宁含量的锐齿栎种子仍然被鼠类大量贮藏。3)2种种子在南北坡的扩散历程在两个年份间有很大差异,在食物相对匮乏的年份(2012年),种子被扩散的速度更快且丢失的比率更高。这种差异反映了种子大小年现象对森林鼠类取食和贮藏策略的影响。4)无论在秦岭南坡还是北坡,营养价值含量(如蛋白和脂肪)较高的板栗种子的取食和贮藏距离都明显大于营养价值含量较低的锐齿栎种子,这与最优贮藏空间分布模型的预测一致。     

创新实践教学模式对大学生素质教育的作用

大学生素质教育要求新时代的大学生不仅要学习理论知识,更重要的是培养科学思维并掌握应用技能。我校微生物学课程教学中探索了以创新实践为主要内容的模式改革,其中"理论—技能—创新实践"同步训练的创新模式,是以将参与创新实践计入期末成绩的形式"强迫"学生进入实验室参与科研项目。实施中我们以"教师—研究生—创新小组"交互学习的方式,任课教师制定规则与目标,研究生帮助创新项目的选题、研究方案设计及实施指导,创新小组依照目标参与研究生的科研课题,最后完成创新实践并获得一定比例的成绩。实践证实创新实践教学对促进学生的理论课程学习、科学思维培养以及创新意识训练等方面都有积极的促进作用,是大学生素质教育的一种实用且高效的教学模式。     

陕西秦巴山区植被第一性生产物质量与价值量测评研究

生物圈及陆地植被是人类赖以生息、生活和发展的物质基础 ,它为人类提供食物、药材、原材料等具有直接资源价值的生物产品。因此 ,陆地植被 NPP物质量与价值量的测评研究 ,对于更好地认识生态系统的生态过程与生态功能具有重要的意义。在地理信息系统 (GIS)支持下 ,充分考虑植被类型及覆盖率差异 ,利用改进的 NPP模型 ,对陕西段秦巴山地陆地生态系统 NPP物质量进行了测定。结果显示 :秦巴山区 8.2× 1 0 6 hm2 的陆地植被每年生产 82 .8× 1 0 6 t生物有机物 ,单位面积 NPP物质量 ,随植被类型和气候带发生有规律变化 ,从植被类型来看 ,天然林和次生林≥人工果树≥次生灌丛≥次生草被 ;从纬度地带性变化来看 ,亚热带≥暖温带≥高山温带 ;从垂直地带性变化来看 ,随山地高度增加先增后减 ,一般在海拔 1 0 0 0～ 1 3 0 0 m达到最大值。为了货币化测评第一性生产的价值量 ,以 NPP物质量为基础 ,将其折算成相当于标准煤的能量值 ,按现行市场价格估测植被第一性生产价值量 ,结果表明 :秦巴山地每年第一性生产合 1 .8× 1 0 1 0元 ,占国内生产总值的 8%。虽然 ,价值量的估计是十分概念化和保守的 ,但仍可发现本区陆地植被第一性生产在大农业中占有相当比重 ,NPP的价值量占农业生产总值 3 7.0 5 % ,是林业生产总     

TEB/POLQ plays dual roles in protecting Arabidopsis from NO-induced DNA damage

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in numerous physiological processes. Excessive NO induces DNA damage, but how plants respond to this damage remains unclear. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis NO hypersensitive mutant and found it to be allelic to TEBICHI/POLQ, encoding DNA polymerase θ. The teb mutant plants were preferentially sensitive to NO- and its derivative peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and subsequent double-strand breaks (DSBs). Inactivation of TEB caused the accumulation of spontaneous DSBs largely attributed to endogenous NO and was synergistic to DSB repair pathway mutations with respect to growth. These effects were manifested in the presence of NO-inducing agents and relieved by NO scavengers. NO induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in the teb mutant, indicative of stalled replication forks. Genetic analyses indicate that Polθ is required for translesion DNA synthesis across NO-induced lesions, but not oxidation-induced lesions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that Polθ bypasses NO-induced base adducts in an error-free manner and generates mutations characteristic of Polθ-mediated end joining. Our experimental data collectively suggests that Polθ plays dual roles in protecting plants from NO-induced DNA damage. Since Polθ is conserved in higher eukaryotes, mammalian Polθ may also be required for balancing NO physiological signaling and genotoxicity.     

Genome‐wide distribution and functions of the AAE complex in epigenetic regulation in Arabidopsis

Heterochromatin is widespread in eukaryotic genomes and has diverse impacts depending on its genomic context. Previous studies have shown that a protein complex, the ASI1‐AIPP1‐EDM2 (AAE) complex, participates in polyadenylation regulation of several intronic heterochromatin‐containing genes. However, the genome‐wide functions of AAE are still unknown. Here, we show that the ASI1 and EDM2 mostly target the common genomic regions on a genome‐wide level and preferentially interacts with genetic heterochromatin. Polyadenylation (poly(A) sequencing reveals that AAE complex has a substantial influence on poly(A) site usage of heterochromatin‐containing genes, including not only intronic heterochromatin‐containing genes but also the genes showing overlap with heterochromatin. Intriguingly, AAE is also involved in the alternative splicing regulation of a number of heterochromatin‐overlapping genes, such as the disease resistance gene RPP4. We provided evidence that genic heterochromatin is indispensable for the recruitment of AAE in polyadenylation and splicing regulation. In addition to conferring RNA processing regulation at genic heterochromatin‐containing genes, AAE also targets some transposable elements (TEs) outside of genes (including TEs sandwiched by genes and island TEs) for epigenetic silencing. Our results reveal new functions of AAE in RNA processing and epigenetic silencing, and thus represent important advances in epigenetic regulation.     

脂肪组织在炎症发生中的作用

脂肪组织不仅是能量储备场所,还是活跃的内分泌器官。近年来的研究已经阐明,脂肪组织可以分泌多种炎症因子,参与原发性炎症。因此阐明脂肪组织在炎症发生中的作用,将有助于重新认识一些疾病的发病机制,为疾病的防治提供新的思路。     

HPLC测定灵芝子实体水提物及相关产品中三萜的含量

灵芝药品大多以灵芝子实体水提物为原料,为快速准确测定灵芝子实体水提物及相关产品中三萜的含量,建立了具有较好分离效果的HPLC分析测定方法。通过优化色谱柱和洗脱条件,优选出Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-乙酸水溶液(0.01%)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长252 nm,柱温30℃,该条件下灵芝酸A、灵芝酸F等10种灵芝酸得到较好的分离。方法学考察显示该分析方法精密度、重复性、稳定性和加样回收率的RSD值均小于5%,可以用于灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸G、灵芝烯酸B、灵芝酸B等10种灵芝酸的定量检测。通过对灵芝子实体原料、水提物和市售灵芝产品中10种三萜类成分分析发现,灵芝子实体水提物中均含有这10种三萜,含量为2.52%–6.83%,较子实体原料大幅提高,市售的灵芝产品中的三萜含量为0.27%–0.84%。该方法的建立为灵芝水提物及其产品质量标准的建立奠定基础。     

VEGF/VEGFR-Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Despite developments in therapeutic approaches for the past few decades, the 5-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC remains low. NSCLC tumor is a complex, heterogeneous microenvironment, comprising blood vessels, cancer cells, immune cells, and stroma cells. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are a major mediator to induce tumor microvasculature and are associated with the progression, recurrence, and metastasis of NSCLC. Current treatment medicines targeting VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway, including neutralizing antibodies to VEGF or VEGFR and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have shown good treatment efficacy in patients with NSCLC. VEGF is not only an important angiogenic factor but also an immunomodulator of tumor microenvironment (TME). VEGFs can suppress antigen presentation, stimulate activity of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and tumor-associated macrophages, which in turn promote an immune suppressive microenvironment in NSCLC. The present review focuses on the angiogenic and non-angiogenic functions of VEGF in NSCLC, especially the interaction between VEGF and the cellular components of the TME. Additionally, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical studies to explore VEGF/VEGFR-targeted compounds and immunotherapy as novel approaches targeting the TME for the treatment of NSCLC.