木质素的微生物解聚与高值转化

木质纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生资源。我国每年产生约9亿吨农业秸秆,因得不到有效利用,不仅造成资源浪费,也产生了诸多严峻的环境问题。缺少木质素的高效降解和资源化利用技术是限制木质纤维素产业化的主要瓶颈之一。虽然木质素的降解与转化多年来一直都受到关注,但是由于木质素结构的复杂性及异质性,使其高效利用受限。近年来,微生物具有的“生物漏斗”式转化特性为木质素的高值转化和利用提供了新方向。本文就生物质利用研究以来,微生物在木质素解聚与转化方面的研究历程与最新进展进行了简要的回顾与总结,并初步讨论了目前木质素高值转化面临的机遇与挑战。     

TLR4全长及其截断体重组腺病毒的制备和功能鉴定

制备脂多糖 (LPS)Toll样受体 4 (TLR4 )全长及其胞内段缺失的TLR4截断体 (ΔTLR4 )的绿色荧光蛋白重组腺病毒并鉴定其功能 .用PCR方法扩增TLR4及ΔTLR4基因片段 ,酶切后亚克隆至腺病毒穿梭质粒中 ,形成带有目的基因的穿梭载体pAdTrack TLR4和pAdTrack ΔTLR4 .用BJ5 1 83细菌同源重组法将目的基因重组于腺病毒骨架载体中 ;将重组腺病毒质粒用PacⅠ酶切线性化后 ,用脂质体法转染HEK 2 93细胞进行腺病毒的包装扩增 .将重组腺病毒感染CHO K1细胞 ,采用荧光毒酶报告基因方法检测其对LPS诱导NF κB激活的影响 .酶切及测序表明 ,TLR4全长及其截断体ΔTLR4的重组腺病毒载体构建正确 .荧光素酶报告基因检测结果表明 ,TLR4全长及其截断体的重组腺病毒感染细胞对LPS诱导的反应具有不同的影响 ,Ad ΔTLR4明显抑制了LPS引起的NF κB激活 (P <0 0 5 ) ,Ad TLR4则使LPS引起的NF κB活性增强 (P <0 0 5 ) .LPS对细胞的激活作用依赖于TLR4的结构完整性     

菜心中SDS-PAGE向负极泳动的富含苯丙氨酸的蛋白的发现

在提取乙醇酸氧化酶同工酶的过程中, 发现了一种在SDS变性下向负极泳动的富含苯丙氨酸的碱性蛋白.在3次重复实验中, 均可以从SDS-PAGE后的负极缓冲液中获得这种蛋白, 其碱性与酸性氨基酸残基的比例分别高达1.46、1.28和0.89,而苯丙氨酸含量分别高达为60.00%、65.62%和62.30%.其余氨基酸残基的含量则和普通蛋白的相近似.由于该富含苯丙氨酸的碱性蛋白是水溶性的, 碱性氨基酸残基应主要分布在蛋白的表面,而苯丙氨酸则组成一个强疏水内核.     

蛋白质组学技术在植物类囊体膜蛋白研究中的应用

类囊体作为植物光合作用光反应的重要场所,在植物亚细胞蛋白质组学研究中倍受关注.介绍了植物蛋白质组学相关技术,包括双向凝胶电泳(2DE)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)、质谱(MS)和蛋白质组学数据库在植物类囊体膜蛋白研究中的应用.同时对类囊体膜蛋白质组学的研究趋势进行了探讨.     

Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive graft copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide with biodegradable carboxymethylchitosan

A novel thermosensitive and hydrogel was designed and synthesized by graft copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) with biodegradable carboxymethylchitosan (CMCS). The influence of the content of CMCS grafted on the properties of the resulted hydrogels was examined. The morphology of the hydrogels was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), their thermal property was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and deswelling/swelling kinetics upon external temperature changes. In comparison with the conventional PNIPAAm hydrogels, the resulted hydrogels have improved thermosensitive properties, including enlarged water content at room temperature and faster deswelling/swelling rate upon heating. The strategy described here presents a potential alternative to the traditional synthesis techniques for thermosensitive hydrogels.     

类芽胞杆菌碱性果胶裂解酶的纯化与酶学性质表征

从类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus sp.WZ008的发酵上清液中纯化得到一个高活力碱性果胶裂解酶,经SDS-PAGE电泳估算其亚基相对分子质量为4.5×104。通过对该酶进行酶学性质研究发现：该酶能催化裂解果胶酸、低酯果胶和高酯果胶;酶催化反应最适温度范围为55～60℃,最适pH为9.6,在最适条件下以低酯果胶为底物酶的比酶活达3 021.6 U/mg;Ca2＋能增强该酶的活力,而Mn2＋,Ba2＋和EDTA强烈抑制该酶活力;当没有Ca2＋存在时,高度酯化的果胶是该酶的最适底物,在4 mmol/L Ca2＋存在时,该酶以果胶酸为底物比酶活最高（25 467 U/mg）。该酶N端序列比对分析发现与类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus amylolyticus strain 27c64果胶裂解酶高度同源。     

替代宿主增殖松毛虫质型多角体病毒的比较研究

银纹夜蛾幼虫 (Argyrogrammaagnata)对松毛虫CPV(DpCPV)十分敏感 ,本文对两种不同的宿主增殖松毛虫CPV作了比较 ,电镜证实用替代宿主增殖的DpCPV与原毒株多角体 (CPB)和病毒粒子的形态完全一致。 3 %PAGE分析二者的RNA图谱基本一致 ,有大小相同的 2 .98× 10 6- 0 .6 6× 10 6道尔顿的 10条带 ,用它增殖的DpCPV(Aa DpCPV)对松毛虫有相当的毒力 ,每头 3龄幼虫病毒产量平均为 2 .5× 10 8CPB。     

利用植物激素调控嫁接形成的初步研究

利用黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍ ｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓ）试管苗进行离体茎段自体嫁接,研究ＩＢＡ 和６－ＢＡ 对嫁接形成的影响时发现：进行离体茎段嫁接时,用试管苗茎段可简化嫁接过程,减少污染。嫁接茎段的颜色变化、不定根发生和愈伤组织形成与激素浓度有关。植物激素通过影响砧木和接穗间维管束桥形成的时间和数目调控嫁接组合的发育。在作者的实验中,最佳的激素条件是：在接穗培养基中加ＩＢＡ １．２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,在接穗和砧木培养基中加６－ＢＡ ０．３ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ。     

Oligomeric Aβ-Induced Microglial Activation is Possibly Mediated by NADPH Oxidase

Recent studies have shown that oligomeric amyloid-β (oAβ) peptide can potentially activate microglia in addition to inducing more potent neurotoxicity compared with fibrillar Aβ (fAβ); however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the microglial activation induced by oAβ in BV-2 microglial cells. The results showed that oAβ induced activated properties of microglia, including higher proliferative capacity as well as increased production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). NADPH oxidase inhibitors [diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone)] prevented the microglial activation induced by oAβ, suggesting that NADPH oxidase activation was involved in microglial activation. In addition, TNF-α and IL-1β, which are massively released by activated microglia, significantly induced the activation of microglia, thereby resulting in the production of NO and proliferation of microglia, respectively. These effects could be inhibited by diphenylene iodonium and apocynin, indicating a self-cycle regulated by NADPH oxidase in microglial activation in response to oAβ. In conclusion, microglial activation induced by oAβ is possibly mediated by NADPH oxidase, suggesting that oAβ, which is normally considered a neurotoxin, may also lead to indirect neuronal damage through the pro-inflammation activation of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease and that NADPH oxidase could be a potential target to prevent oAβ-induced inflammatory neurodegeneration.