荒漠草原不同植被微斑块土壤粒径分布分形特征与养分的关系

采集宁夏中部干旱带荒漠草原4种植被(猪毛蒿、甘草、苦豆子、草木樨状黄芪)微斑块土壤剖面3个层次土壤,测定了各微斑块土壤颗粒粒级分布、有机质、pH值、土壤电导率(EC)、全氮、全磷和全钾等理化性质,探讨了不同植被微斑块土壤粒径分布的分形维数(D)特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系.结果表明:斑块化植被分布可影响土壤粒径分布,其影响作用以草木樨状黄芪微斑块最大(D=2.51),甘草微斑块最低(D=2.46);分形维数与黏粒、粉粒含量呈显著正相关,而与砂粒含量呈显著负相关;土壤粒径分布分形维数与pH和EC呈显著正相关,与有机质和全氮含量呈显著负相关,与全磷和全钾含量无显著相关关系.斑块化植被分布有潜在土地盐碱化和土地退化的趋势.     

结直肠癌组织RPN11与Ki67的表达及其临床病理学意义

目的观察去泛素化酶RPN11和增殖相关核标记物Ki67在结直肠癌组织中的表达,研究其与结直肠癌肿瘤细胞增殖的相关性及与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SABC法检测56例结直癌组织及20例癌旁正常组织中的RPN11和Ki67表达,结合临床病理学资料进行统计分析。结果免疫组织化学染色显示:RPN11及Ki67在结直肠癌组织的阳性表达率明显高于正常结直肠组织;RPN11和Ki67的表达均与肿瘤分化程度、TNM分期、转移有关,而与性别、年龄无明显相关;RPN11与Ki67的表达呈正相关。结论RPN11和Ki67可能共同参与结直肠癌肿瘤细胞的增殖调控,并促进结直肠癌的发生发展以及浸润转移。     

橄榄种质资源花序表型性状遗传多样性研究

为了解橄榄[Canarium album(Loureiro)Raeuschel]花序表型性状的遗传多样性,对90份橄榄种质资源的花序性状进行观测分析。结果表明,橄榄花序的类型、支轴紧密度、着生位置和花性等表现出较丰富的多样性;从数量性状看,花序花朵数的变异系数最大,其次为支轴花朵数,变异系数最小的是花蕾直径,此外橄榄雄花花序的多样性较雌花丰富。花蕾直径与花瓣长度呈极显著正相关关系,与花序长度、花序支轴数、花序花朵数和支轴花朵数呈极显著负相关。聚类分析结果表明,橄榄种质资源的花序类型可分为3类,大部分雄花和雌花类群间差异较明显。因此,橄榄花序表型性状存在多样性和复杂性,且花序重要单一性状可能影响整体表型。     

靶向炎性细胞因子的生物制剂及其临床应用

细胞因子可介导许多生物学过程并受到机体的严格调节,其调节的失控可引发一系列疾病如自身免疫炎症和肿瘤。在过去的十几年中,一些能够有效调节细胞因子生物学作用的生物制剂如重组抗炎细胞因子、细胞因子受体以及中和性抗体等被广泛应用到由细胞因子失调引起的相关疾病的治疗。尤其是近年来,一些具有创新性的靶向细胞因子的新型生物制剂在不断涌现。文中对近年来国际上靶向炎症细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17)的生物制剂的研发和临床应用的相关进展进行了综述,指出其副作用和应用风险,并结合其他学者和自己的研究工作提出减少副作用和风险的途径和方法。利用现代生物技术提高抗细胞因子生物制剂针对炎症或肿瘤组织的特异性,是靶向炎性细胞因子生物制剂未来的重要发展方向。     

七姊妹山常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性格局及其环境解释

依托七姊妹山自然保护区6 hm²森林动态监测样地研究平台,基于样地和物种基本信息数据,采用多元回归树和冗余分析研究方法,探讨地形因子对生境的塑造作用及物种分布特征,分析不同群丛类型下物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明：(1)依据“1 SE”规则,4次分割依次以海拔(1 453 m)、坡度(23.13°)、海拔(1 398 m)、凹凸度(4.094)为分界点可将150个样地分为5个群丛。(2)冗余分析表明地形因子对物种分布解释量为0.077 6,解释率为16.36%,各环境因子对物种分布的解释力度依次为：海拔>坡度>凹凸度;坡向与物种的分布无显著相关性。(3)5个群丛中立木密度与胸高截面积最高的均为群丛5(527.4株/400 m²;3.495 cm²/株),立木密度与平均胸高截面积最低为群丛4(225.4株/400 m²;3.057 cm²/株)。(4)5个群丛中Shannon Winener丰富度指数与Simpson优势度指数最高的均为群丛2,最低的为群丛5,物种多样性尺度效应明显;Pielou均匀度指数最高为群丛4,最低为群丛5。(5)两两群丛间Jaccard相似性系数最低为群丛1 群丛2(0.331),最高的为群丛4 群丛5(0.645),海拔对β多样性格局影响较大。研究认为,七姊妹山自然保护区6 hm²样地地形因子对该区域生境的塑造具有一定作用,海拔、坡度、凹凸度组成的“环境筛”影响了该区域的物种分布及多样性格局。     

TP53BP1 regulates chromosome alignment and spindle bipolarity in mouse oocytes

Meiotic oocytes lack classic centrosomes; therefore, bipolar spindle assembly depends on the clustering of acentriolar microtubule‐organizing centers (MTOCs) into two poles. The bipolar spindle is an essential cellular component that ensures accurate chromosome segregation during anaphase. If the spindle does not form properly, it can result in aneuploidy or cell death. However, the molecular mechanism by which the bipolar spindle is established is not yet fully understood. Tumor suppressor p53‐binding protein 1 (TP53BP1) is known to mediate the DNA damage response. Several recent studies have indicated that TP53BP1 has noncanonical roles in processes, such as spindle formation; however, the role of TP53BP1 in oocyte meiosis is currently unclear. Our results show that TP53BP1 knockdown affects spindle bipolarity and chromatin alignment by altering MTOC stability during oocyte maturation. TP53BP1 was localized in the cytoplasm and displayed an irregular cloud pattern around the spindle/chromosome region. TP53BP1 was also required for the correct localization of MTOCs into the two spindle poles during pro‐meiosis I. TP53BP1 deletion altered the MTOC‐localized Aurora Kinase A. TP53BP1 knockdown caused the microtubules to detach from the kinetochores and increased the rate of aneuploidy. Taken together, our data show that TP53BP1 plays crucial roles in chromosome stability and spindle bipolarity during meiotic maturation.     

Acentriolar microtubule organization centers and Ran‐mediated microtubule formation pathways are both required in porcine oocytes

Mammalian oocytes lack centrioles but can generate bipolar spindles using several different mechanisms. For example, mouse oocytes have acentriolar microtubule organization centers (MTOCs) that contain many components of the centrosome, and which initiate microtubule polymerization. On the contrary, human oocytes lack MTOCs and the Ran‐mediated mechanisms may be responsible for spindle assembly. Complete knowledge of the different mechanisms of spindle assembly is lacking in various mammalian oocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that both MTOC‐ and Ran‐mediated microtubule nucleation are required for functional meiotic metaphase I spindle generation in porcine oocytes. Acentriolar MTOC components, including Cep192 and pericentrin, were absent in the germinal vesicle and germinal vesicle breakdown stages. However, they start to colocalize to the spindle microtubules, but are absent in the meiotic spindle poles. Knockdown of Cep192 or inhibition of Polo‐like kinase 1 activity impaired the recruitment of Cep192 and pericentrin to the spindles, impaired microtubule assembly, and decreased the polar body extrusion rate. When the Ran^GTP gradient was perturbed by the expression of dominant negative or constitutively active Ran mutants, severe defects in microtubule nucleation and cytokinesis were observed, and the localization of MTOC materials in the spindles was abolished. These results demonstrate that the stepwise involvement of MTOC‐ and Ran‐mediated microtubule assembly is crucial for the formation of meiotic spindles in porcine oocytes, indicating the diversity of spindle formation mechanisms among mammalian oocytes.     

Structural and functional insights into the role of a cupin superfamily isomerase in the biosynthesis of Choi moiety of aeruginosin

The 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) moiety is a hallmark of aeruginosins, a class of cyanobacterial derived bioactive linear tetrapeptides that possess antithrombotic activity. The biosynthetic pathway of Choi has yet to be resolved. AerE is a cupin superfamily enzyme that was shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of Choi, but its exact role remains unclear. This study reports the functional characterization and structural analyses of AerE. Enzymatic observation reveals that AerE can dramatically accelerate 1,3-allylic isomerization of the non-aromatic decarboxylation product of prephenate, dihydro-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (H₂HPP). This olefin isomerization reaction can occur non-enzymatically and is the second step of the biosynthetic pathway from prephenate to Choi. The results of comparative structural analysis and substrate analogue binding geometry analysis combined with the results of mutational studies suggest that AerE employs an induced fit strategy to bind and stabilize the substrate in a particular conformation that is possibly favorable for 1,3-allylic isomerization of H₂HPP through coordinate bonds, hydrogen bonds, π–π conjugation interaction and hydrophobic interactions. All of these interactions are critical for the catalytic efficiency.