森林碳计量方法研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,不仅是巨大的碳库而且对减缓气候变暖具有积极作用。科学有效的森林碳计量方法,有助于加深对全球碳循环过程的理解。然而,由于森林生态系统结构复杂,对森林碳计量的估算结果普遍存在精度低、不确定性高的问题。近年来,国内外发展了大量对森林碳计量进行估算的方法,主要有基于样地清查的森林植被和土壤碳估算、基于生长收获的经验模型估算、基于定量遥感雷达观测的遥感估测、基于多尺度森林生态系统网络的通量观测和陆地生态系统过程模型模拟等方法。在实际的森林碳计量中,根据不同的森林类型特征和数据获取情况,往往采取不同的碳计量方法,甚至不止一种。以生态过程模型模拟、遥感反演和数据同化技术为主要手段,基于碳通量观测数据、控制实验数据和遥感影像数据,发展多学科、多过程、多尺度的综合联网观测,充分认识森林碳循环过程中碳源/汇的时空分布特征,开展区域、洲际乃至全球尺度碳循环及其对全球变化和人类活动响应的系统性、集成性研究,以便建立高效、可靠的碳计量体系是未来林业碳计量的发展趋势。随着世界各国温室气体排放清单的编制,中国迫切需要科学的方法体系计量森林碳源/汇,提升我国在生态环境问题上的国际发言权和主导权,同时对我国森林可持续经营、生态环境保护以及美丽中国建设提供建议与支持。分析了各类森林碳计量方法的主要特征、优缺点,同时探讨了目前的森林碳计量方法存在的问题和未来的发展趋势,为不同时空尺度下森林碳计量提供参考。     

共生有生殖器官的Anomozamites的新发现

摘要：海房沟异羽叶的新联合(Anomozamites haifanggouensis(Kimura et al.)comb．nov．)是辽西和内蒙古东部中侏罗统海房沟组一种特有的本内苏铁类植物。仅发现一块标本(正、反面印痕)。标本上保存3枚营养羽叶,它们同几个苞片状的小叶和一些小孢子叶联合在一起,但球果的雌蕊群部分未被保存。标本被收集于内蒙古东部的宁城县山头乡道虎村附近,产于中侏罗统海房沟组。以往在辽西葫芦岛市的南票和白马石乡上三角城等地的同一层位中也曾发现过很多分散保存的苞片状小叶和相似的小孢子叶。它们最初被潘广(1983)认为是一种双子叶的半被子植物(Cycadicotis),并将小孢子叶视为“具皱纹的雌性种囊”。后来,又经KJlnura等(1994)详细研究,因未找到任何与被子植物有关的证据,将它们归入一个分类位置不明的形态属Panlatangia,并被描述在P．haifanggouensis种名之下。研究结果表明,本文中被研究的标本是同本内苏铁类的Anomozamites异羽叶相连,从而为这些分散保存的生殖器官的确切分类位置的确定提供了有力的证据。     

PAK5在凋亡级联反应中的调节作用

PAK5为PAKs家族中新近发现的成员. PAKs是一类通过与Rac和Cdc42结合而激活的高度保守的蛋白酶.PAKs在细胞骨架、神经生长、激素信号传导、基因转录等生理活动中起着重要的调控作用. PAK5在大脑组织中高度表达,在细胞中定位于线粒体. PAK5 与神经生长、增强微管的稳定性以及阻止细胞凋亡等活动密切相关.本文就PAK5的结构、表达部位和功能以及其在调控凋亡级联反应中的作用等方面做了简要综述.     

水蜡蛾一新属一新种：（鳞翅目：水蜡蛾科）

Brahmaea属是Walker(1855)以Bombyx certhia Fabricius为模式种成立的。Mell(1929)根据成虫形态特征、后翅翅脉的差异(有无连接Sc+R_1和Rs脉的横脉),将亚洲的水蜡蛾分为二群,建立一个新亚属 Brahmophthalma Mell并绘有Brahmaea Walker属与新亚属内每个种的翅脉简图以示区别;Bryk(1949)将Brahmophthalma提升为属。我们在整理和研究水蜡蛾的标本中,发现Brahmaea Walker属中实际存在着成虫形态和外生殖器差别很大的两个类群,作者认为有必要将其分为两个属,建立一个新属,并记述一新种。     

北五味子的果实解剖研究

采用不同花期的子房与花谢后的果实解剖制片为材料,综合研究结果,明确北五味子的雌花,其离生心皮雌蕊群呈螺旋状着生在圆顶状的花托上。每一个单雌蕊均由鸡冠状柱头与下面膨大的子房构成。花柱缺如。子房有自背缝线上发生的假隔膜隔开,致将子房形成假二室;胚珠倒生乃至弯生,亚边缘胎座(submarginal placenta),受精后发育成旋生聚合浆果(spiral-baccacetum),内含种子1-3(2)枚。种子属双子叶有胚乳种子,胚甚小,约为种子的1/50。     

An Improved PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Method for the Identification of cry1-Type Genes

The cry1-type genes of Bacillus thuringiensis represent the largest cry gene family, which contains 50 distinct holotypes. It is becoming more and more difficult to identify cry1-type genes using current methods because of the increasing number of cry1-type genes. In the present study, an improved PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method which can distinguish 41 holotypes of cry1-type genes was developed. This improved method was used to identify cry1-type genes in 20 B. thuringiensis strains that are toxic to lepidoptera. The results showed that the improved method can efficiently identify single and clustered cry1-type genes and can be used to evaluate cry1-type genes in novel strain collections of B. thuringiensis. Among the detected cry1-type genes, we identified four novel genes, cry1Ai, cry1Bb, cry1Ja, and cry1La. The bioassay results from the expressed products of the four novel cry genes showed that Cry1Ai2, Cry1Bb2, and Cry1Ja2 were highly toxic against Plutella xylostella, whereas Cry1La2 exhibited no activity. Moreover, Cry1Ai2 had good lethal activity against Ostrinia furnacalis, Hyphantria cunea, Chilo suppressalis, and Bombyx mori larvae and considerable weight loss activity against Helicoverpa armigera.     

邯郸地区棉铃虫抗药性的一些生物化学特性(英文)

对河北邯郸地区的抗性棉铃虫(Helicovrpa armigera H(?)bner)种群不同发育阶段乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)对灭多威和对氧磷的敏感磷的敏感度结果表明:4-5龄幼虫的AChE在棉铃虫整个发育期中敏感度是最低的,成虫期的AChE最敏感,蛹期AChE平均敏感度低于幼虫期。用甲基对硫磷和灭多威以LD_5的诱导剂量和LD_(50)的选择剂量处理棉铃虫幼虫后,AChE对底物的亲和力和对抑制剂的敏感度发生了明显的变化,水解β-乙酸萘酯的羧酸酯酶对底物的亲和力明显提高,而水解α-乙酸萘酯的羧酸酯酶对底物的亲和力在处理后24小时无明显改变。谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性,低剂量诱导组最高降低至78％和43％,而高剂量选择组提高15％,诱导组和选择组对底物的亲和力均明显降低,处理的剂量和处理后时间明显地影响棉铃虫磷酸酯酶的活性及其对底物的亲和力。     

寄螨科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲,革螨股)

记述寄螨科4新种:短胸常革螨Vulgarogamasus brachysternalis sp.nov.,长囊常革螨Vulgarogamasus longascidiformis sp.nov.,河南新革螨Neogamasus henanensissp.nov.和树状钝革螨Amablygamasus dendriticus sp.nov..     

Mechanical Characteristics of Typical Plant Leaves

Plant leaf is a natural composite biomaterial, and its strength is closely related to the microstructure. In this paper, themechanical characteristics of eight species of plant leaves were investigated and analyzed. The ultimate strength of leaves andthe hardness of leaf surfaces were measured by using universal testing machine and nanoindenter tester, respectively. The tensilestrength of the parallel microstructure was investigated based on its cross-sectional mechanical model. The results of tensiontests indicate that the ultimate strength of a leaf is related to the material composition and structure. The coriaceous leavesusually exhibit higher tensile strength. For example, the Phyllostachys pubescens leaf can achieve the maximum ultimatestrength of 5.9091 N·mm^-2. It is concluded from the results of hardness tests that material components of leaf surface caninfluence the surface hardness evidently. The leaf surface composed of more lignin and cellulose materials shows a highersurface hardness than that composed of more carbohydrates materials.     

Quasi-Static and Dynamic Nanoindentation of Some Selected Biomaterials

This study details an investigation of the viscoelastic behavior of some biomaterials （nacre, cattle horn and beetle cuticle） at lamellar length scales using quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation techniques in the materials＇ Transverse Direction （TD） and Longitudinal Direction （LD）. Our results show that nacre exhibits high fracture toughness moving towards a larger cam- paniForm as the stress frequency varies from 10 Hz to 200 Hz. Elytra cuticle exhibits the least fracture toughness presenting little energy dissipation in TD. It was initially speculated that the fracture toughness of the subject materials would be directly related to energy-dissipating mechanisms （mechanical hysteresis）, but not the maximum value of the loss tangent tan＆ However, it was found that the materials＇ elastic modulus and hardness are similar in both the TD and LD when assessed using the quasi-static nanoindentation method, but not dynamic nanoindentation. It is believed that the reported results can be useful in the design of new crack arrest and damping materials based on biological counterparts.