Breeding of High Daptomycin-Producing Strain by Streptomycin Resistance Superposition

Daptomycin is a cyclolipopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseosporus. It is widely used to treat drug-resistant bacterial infections; however, daptomycin yield in wild strains is very low. To improve the daptomycin production by the strain BNCC 342432, a modified method of ribosome engineering with superposition of streptomycin resistance was adopted in this study. The highest-yield mutant strain SR-2620 was obtained by increasing streptomycin resistance of BNCC 342432, and achieved daptomycin production of 38.5 mg/l in shake-flask fermentation, 1.79-fold higher than the parent strain and its heredity stability was stable. The morphological characteristics of the two strains were significantly different, and the 440^th base G of the rpsL gene in the mutant strain was deleted, which resulted in a frameshift mutation. Our results demonstrate that gradually increasing strain resistance to streptomycin was an effective breeding method to improve daptomycin yield in S. roseosporus. Open in a separate window     

槟榔林冠穿透雨空间格局的时间稳定性

槟榔林是热带地区广泛种植典型经济林,独特的树冠结构改变了穿透雨的空间格局,但针对穿透雨空间格局的时间稳定性研究很少,影响对穿透雨生态效应的认识与调控。以海南岛槟榔林为研究对象,基于33场降雨数据,研究了穿透雨的空间格局及时间特性,结果显示:(1)槟榔树冠内不同位置穿透雨差异极显著(P<0.01),穿透雨率分别为:树干附近(85.6%)、冠幅中央(48.3%)、冠幅边缘(59.8%),穿透雨空间格局表现为向树干附近汇集的特点;不同方位的穿透雨率仅东面显著高于南面(P<0.1),表明风向对穿透雨空间格局具有一定影响。(2)槟榔树冠下各位点穿透雨时间变异程度大(65.7%),但槟榔树冠幅中央穿透雨时间稳定性较好(55.6%),而树干旁边和冠幅边缘穿透雨时间稳定性较差(25%、19.4%),各方位穿透雨的时间稳定性相差不大(约1/3)。(3)距树干距离和降雨量影响穿透雨的时间稳定性,距树干不同距离平均叶片倾斜角度的差异是造成穿透雨在时间上不稳定的关键因素,平均叶片倾斜角度与穿透雨时间不稳定程度呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.05);穿透雨时间稳定性在中等降雨条件下最差,随着降雨量...     

间充质干细胞治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎研究进展及相关临床试验难点

当前新型冠状病毒肆虐,全球确诊患者超过3 500万例,累计死亡患者超过50万例,对于突发疫情,临床尚缺乏有效特异性治疗,新型冠状病毒已成为危害人类健康、社会发展的主要公共卫生问题。间充质干细胞具有抗炎和免疫调节功能,可降低重症患者体内由冠状病毒引发的细胞因子风暴,改善患者肺部纤维化,促进损伤肺组织修复,有望降低新冠肺炎的死亡率。目前已开展多项间充质干细胞治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎临床试验,初步证实了间充质干细胞应用在新冠肺炎方面的安全及有效性。在间充质干细胞治疗新冠肺炎取得进展的同期,还应看到该疗法独有特点及疫情严峻形势对临床试验开和及评价带来的问题与挑战,包括临床试验方案设计、干细胞质量管理以及治疗中的伦理考量。只有对其加以重视,才能保证在严峻疫情下安全有效地开展间充质干细胞治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床试验。     

金色链霉菌DM-1全基因组序列测定及去甲金霉素合成基因簇分析

金色链霉菌Streptomyces aureofaciens DM-1是去甲基金霉素的高产菌株。通过Genome Sequencer FLX系统进行测序,得到一条完整的线性基因组序列,长度为6 824 334 bp,GC含量为72.6%。结合软件glimmer 3.02、Genemark和Z-Curveprogram进行基因预测,最终在其基因组中鉴定出6431个基因。应用AntiSMASH软件预测其基因组中存在28个次级代谢生物合成基因簇,其中包含了去甲基金霉素生物合成基因簇。其中甲基转移酶CtcK因移码突变提前终止翻译,很可能是去甲基金霉素相对金霉素(CTC)缺失一个甲基的根本原因。研究结果为S. aureofaciens DM-1的功能基因组学和去甲基金霉素高产菌株育种提供了研究基础。     

访花昆虫野蚜蝇线粒体基因组结构分析

野蚜蝇Syrphus torvus(Osten-Sacken)成虫具访花习性,是重要的传粉昆虫;幼虫捕食蚜虫,是蚜虫重要天敌之一.本研究通过高通量测序、组装拼接获得了完整的野蚜蝇线粒体基因组全序列(GenBank登录号:MW074962),其序列全长为16 444 bp,包含13个蛋白编码基因(PCGs)、22个tRN...     

栗山天牛天敌花绒寄甲在栎林中的种群保持机制

花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides)(鞘翅目:寄甲科Bothrideridae)是寄生栗山天牛(Massicus raddei)中老龄幼虫和蛹的重要天敌,但其寄主栗山天牛世代周期长(3年1代)、发育比较整齐,不利于寄生性天敌种群数量的稳定.为了解利用花绒寄甲防治栗山天牛后,其种群能否在栎树林间长期保持较高的种群数量,达到持续控制栗山天牛的防治效果,调查研究了花绒寄甲在栎树林间的转主寄主和种群保持机制.结果表明,在东北辽东栎树干和树枝上除了栗山天牛外,还有其他8种天牛危害:双簇天牛(Moechotypa diphysis)、四点象天牛(Mesosa myops)、中华薄翅锯天牛(Megopis sinica)、锯天牛(Prionus insularis)、双带粒翅天牛(Lamiomimus gottschei)、八字绿虎天牛(Chlorophorus tohokensis)、日本绿虎天牛(C.japonicus)和拟蜡天牛(Stenygrinumquadrinotatum).其中以栗山天牛、双簇天牛、四点象天牛和拟蜡天牛数量较多,而花绒寄甲在辽东栎树干上的垂直分布与栗山天牛、双簇天牛和四点象天牛的垂直分布重叠较多.室内研究表明,花绒寄甲对四点象天牛老熟幼虫的寄生率达到26.67％,对蛹的寄生率达到了43.33％;对双簇天牛老熟幼虫的寄生率达到20.00％,对蛹的寄生率为6.67％.对双簇天牛和四点象天牛在林间的生活史调查和研究发现,花绒寄甲可寄生的这两种天牛的中老龄幼虫和蛹,在花绒寄甲不适宜寄生的栗山天牛幼龄幼虫期大量存在,表明双簇天牛和四点象天牛是花绒寄甲在栎树林中的主要转主寄主.由于这些转主寄主的存在,花绒寄甲在不利于其寄生的栗山天牛卵期、幼龄幼虫期可转移寄生这些寄主,从而在栗山天牛危害的栎树林间保持了较高的种群数量,达到对栗山天牛长期而有效的持续控制效果.     

水稻化感品种对土壤微生物的影响

通过盆栽实验研究三叶期水稻化感品种对土壤微生物种群数量的影响。结果显示,土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌、氨化细菌和好气性自生固氮菌数量在水稻化感品种P1312777和水稻非化感品种“辽粳九”、“秋光”的土壤中存在显著差异,土壤中大多数微生物被水稻化感品种所抑制,但化感品种土壤中的放线菌和好气性纤维素分解菌数量则介于两种非化感品种之间。这一研究表明,水稻化感品种能显著地影响土壤微生物种群数量。     

强度石漠化区不同植被修复模式下土壤螨类群落差异

石漠化治理区不同植被修复模式下的土壤螨类群落差异反映了生态系统的恢复状况,可籍以反映石漠化治理的生态效果。2014年1月、4月、8月和10月,对贵州花江喀斯特峡谷区顶坛小流域强度石漠化区域的"花椒"、"金银花"、"花椒+金银花"3种植被修复生境的土壤螨类进行了调查,共捕获土壤螨类1372头,隶属3目55科89属。采用类群(属)数、个体数量、个体密度、多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(SR)、均匀性指数(J)、相似性指数(CN)、捕食性螨类成熟度指数(MI)和甲螨MGP类群等参数对土壤螨类群落差异进行了表征。结果显示,花椒林拥有较丰富的螨类属,金银花林拥有较高的的个体数量和个体密度。不同模式下的科、属类群组成呈现差异;属数、个体数量存在一定的季节差异,花椒林的螨类属数、金银花林的螨类个体数量和个体密度呈现一定的表聚性;群落多样性大多存在季节差异;捕食性革螨以r选择型为主,甲螨主要为O型和M型。研究表明,强度石漠化在不同植被修复模式下,土壤螨类生物生态类群存在差异,土壤生态系统仍处于修复之中,其中螨类优势属、具有典型生物学与生态学特性差异的螨类类群对石漠化治理的生态效果具有重要的指示作用。     

Advances in the design of special cryosurgical apparatus in China

Advances in the design of special cryobiomedical apparatus and a review of the trend of developments in the field of cryosurgery in China are discussed. The typical structure of two special cryoprobes for treatment deep in the body and the technology of designing these probes are presented in detail. Some cases which are treated successfully with the above cryoprobes will also be discussed. The experimental aspects of heat transfer in frozen tissue and of the temperature profiles both of a human brain during surgery and of the cryoprobe are described. Other improvements in the field of cryosurgical devices, e.g., four main ways of attaching freezing tips to cryoprobes during surgery and an LN2 transfer tube with high dexterity are also presented. Finally, the development of commercial cryosurgical apparatus in China is also discussed.     

Cryo-EM structure of glycoprotein C from Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a causative agent of serious hemorrhagic diseases in humans with high mortality rates. CCHFV glycoprotein Gc plays critical roles in mediating virus-host membrane fusion and has been studied extensively as an immunogen. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in membrane fusion and Gc-specific antibody-antigen interactions remain unresolved largely because structural information of this glycoprotein is missing. We designed a trimeric protein including most of the ectodomain region of Gc from the prototype CCHFV strain, IbAr10200, which enabled the cryo-electron microscopy structure to be solved at a resolution of 2.8 ?. The structure confirms that CCHFV Gc is a class II fusion protein. Unexpectedly, structural comparisons with other solved Gc trimers in the postfusion conformation revealed that CCHFV Gc adopted hybrid architectural features of the fusion loops from hantaviruses and domain III from phenuiviruses, suggesting a complex evolutionary pathway among these bunyaviruses. Antigenic sites on CCHFV Gc that protective neutralizing antibodies target were mapped onto the CCHFV Gc structure, providing valuable information that improved our understanding of potential neutralization mechanisms of various antibodies.