新疆苦豆子根瘤菌的数值分类研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)对于干旱荒漠地区的畜牧业发展有着非常重要的意义,其生长特性与根瘤菌有密切关系。我们对分离自新疆苦豆子根瘤的67株根瘤菌及36个模式菌株进行了118项表型性状的测定,包括唯一碳源利用、唯一氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH值生长范围、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应、氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶。对测定结果用聚类分析方法进行了分析,获得数值分类树状图。结果表明：新疆苦豆子根瘤菌在碳氮源利用、抗生素敏感性以及对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。新疆苦豆子根瘤菌能耐受低温,并具有较强的耐盐、碱能力,所有供试菌株均能在初始pH值为9－12的YMA培养基上生长,92.5％的菌株能耐受3.0％的NaCl,91.0％的菌株能耐受4.0％的NaCl,有18株菌甚至能耐受5.0％和6.0％的NaCl。聚类结果表明, 在84.8%的相似性水平上,67个供试菌株构成了4个新的表观群,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群分别有21、7、4、3个菌株,中心菌株分别为NWBC152、NWTKX101、NWYJS12、NWLP112。此外,数值分类结果还表明,苦豆子根瘤菌与模式菌株的相似性较低,它们所形成的4个独立群可能有新种出现。     

Changes in the Chlorophyll Content and Cytokinin Levels in the Top Three Leaves of New Plant Type Rice During Grain Filling

This paper reports the ways that the differences in leaf senescence are related to grain filling, grain yield, and the dynamics of cytokinins (CKs) in the top three leaves of four field-grown new plant type (NPT) rice, a tropical japonica developed at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, to increase the yield potential of rice. The chlorophyll content in leaves decreased from flowering to maturity in all the NPT lines, whereas the grain filling percentage was higher in the fast-senescing NPT line than in slow-senescing NPT line. Grain yield was positively correlated with senescence in the flag leaf. Rapid changes in the CK levels were recorded in the leaves of the fast-senescing line, whereas the CK levels were relatively stable in leaves of the slow-senescing line, suggesting that the dynamics of CKs in the fast-senescing line are vital for fast senescence. There were no significant changes in bioactive CKs, CK O-glucosides (storage CKs), and cis-zeatin derivatives in different leaves of the slow-senescing NPT line between 0 and 3 weeks after flowering, suggesting that the content of these CKs is relatively stable during grain filling. A progressive increase in levels of bioactive CKs was positively correlated with gradual accumulation of CK N-glucosides (inactive CKs) in the top three leaves of the slow-senescing NPT line, whereas the decrease of bioactive CKs in the flag leaf of the fast-senescing line was accompanied by accumulation of CK O-glucosides. These results suggest that there is a higher rate of biosynthesis and/or import of bioactive CKs as well as their turnover which may favor delay of leaf senescence in the slow-senescing NPT line.     

供水及间甲酚对小麦间作蚕豆土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,探讨供水(田间持水量的45%、60%和75%)和化感物质间甲酚对小麦、蚕豆不同种植模式生长盛期土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的影响.结果表明,随灌水水平的降低,不同处理的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量随之减少,间甲酚可加剧灌水减少引起的微生物数量的减少;间甲酚对不同处理土壤微生物多样性指数均具有降低作用,提高灌水水平可缓解间甲酚对间作群体土壤微生物多样性的负效应,但间甲酚在75%灌水水平下对单作微生物多样性的负效应最大,45%的供水水平和间甲酚作用下间作可维持更高的土壤微生物多样性.间甲酚对土壤过氧化氢酶的化感作用不显著,对脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的化感作用显著;3种土壤酶活性随供水水平的降低均显著下降,但供水与间甲酚、种植模式的互作效应对酶活性的影响不显著;间作对土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性具有极显著影响.     

农田土壤紧实的发生、影响及其改良

土壤紧实是影响农田土壤质量和作物生长的关键障碍因子之一,是当前土壤功能及农田生态健康研究领域的重点。本文分析了近年来国内外关于土壤紧实的发生原因、影响因素、改良措施的研究进展。除农业机械以外,耕作制度和水肥管理对紧实的影响也不可忽视,此外,各因素的影响程度会随时空而变化。在综合分析已有研究的基础上,就目前土壤紧实研究中亟待解决的问题进行了探讨,认为今后应加强以下几方面的研究:1)从分子方面探讨抗紧实作物的遗传机理;2)田间可视化评价结合模型研究紧实下土壤-作物的变化过程;3)深入探讨土壤紧实的改良措施,为今后农田健康的相关研究提供参考。     

Molecular genetic characterization of rice seed lipoxygenase 3 and assessment of its effects on seed longevity

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are enzymes involved in lipid peroxidation. Here we reported the identification, molecular and functional characterization of the gene encoding rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed LOX3 (sLOX3). Via a map-based cloning strategy we identified Os03g0700400 as the candidate gene encoding sLOX3. Further functional complementary test and biochemical characterization of the recombinant Os03g0700400 protein verified the identification. The sLOX3 gene was highly expressed in roots, moderately in embryos and very weakly in leaves, leaf sheaths and stems. Transient expression experiment (in rice protoplasts) and subsequent laser confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that the sLOX3 protein was localized into the cytosol. We next showed that overexpression of sLOX3 in a japonica sLOX3-normal rice cultivar, Wuyunjing 7 accelerated the decrease of seed germination ability when the seeds were routinely stored, which demonstrated that sLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity (storability). Meanwhile, an increased occurrence of embryo decay was observed in the same transgenic seeds, suggesting that sLOX3 might negatively affect seed longevity by facilitating colonization of particular seed pathogens. Our result forwarded the understanding of the effects of 9-LOX on rice seed longevity.     

Variation in the significant environmental factors affecting larval abundance of four major Chinese carp species: fish spawning response to the Three Gorges Dam

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昆虫细胞(Sf21)悬浮培养过程中生长限制性基质间歇补加技术的应用

基于Sf21昆虫细胞在悬浮培养过程中所表现出的生长代谢特征,提出以培养液中残糖浓度作为控制参数,并利用限制性基质(葡萄糖和蛋白水解物)的间歇补加技术调控细胞生长的方案。实际控制表明：与批培养相比,Sf21细胞在两种具代表性的昆虫细胞培养基(IPL-41和TC-100)中的生长期和稳定期都得到了有效的延长。TC-100培养液中最高细胞培养密度由3.0×10⁶ cells/mL提高到6.5×10⁶ cells/mL;IPL41培养液中最高细胞培养密度则由7.05×10⁶ cells/mL提高到9.0×10⁶cells/mL。由于限制性基质的间歇补加技术是利用较确定的营养成分来代替复杂昂贵的补料培养基,因此更适合于昆虫细胞的大规模高密度培养。     

Structure-based substitutions for increased solubility of a designed protein

Manipulation of protein solubility is important for many aspects of protein design and engineering. Previously, we designed a series of consensus ankyrin repeat proteins containing one, two, three and four identical repeats (1ANK, 2ANK, 3ANK and 4ANK). These proteins, particularly 4ANK, are intended for use as a universal scaffold on which specific binding sites can be constructed. Despite being well folded and extremely stable, 4ANK is soluble only under acidic conditions. Designing interactions with naturally occurring proteins requires the designed protein to be soluble at physiological pH. Substitution of six leucines with arginine on exposed hydrophobic patches on the surface of 4ANK resulted in increased solubility over a large pH range. Study of the pH dependence of stability demonstrated that 4ANK is one of the most stable ankyrin repeat proteins known. In addition, analogous leucine to arginine substitutions on the surface of 2ANK allowed the partially folded protein to assume a fully folded conformation. Our studies indicate that replacement of surface-exposed hydrophobic residues with positively charged residues can significantly improve protein solubility at physiological pH.     

不结球白菜优异种质对小菜蛾抗性的遗传分析

以不结球白菜抗小菜蛾材料508为母本(P1)、以感虫材料114为父本(P2)构建了包括P1、P2、F1、F2、BC1P1和BC1P2的6个世代群体,通过人工网室鏊定各世代群体的抗虫性,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型联合分析法分析了不结球白菜抗虫遗传规律.结果表明:在508×114组合中,感虫对抗虫表现部分显性,抗虫性遗传符合一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型,在BC1P1、BC1P2和F2群体中的主基因遗传率分别为57.21%、25.87%和76.05%,为有效利用抗虫资源和挖掘抗虫基因奠定了基础.