A review on architecture of the gag-pol ribosomal frameshifting RNA in human immunodeficiency virus: a variability survey of virus genotypes

Programmed ‘-1’ ribosomal frameshifting is necessary for expressing the pol gene overlapped from a gag of human immunodeficiency virus. A viral RNA structure that requires base pairing across the overlapping sequence region suggests a mechanism of regulating ribosome and helicase traffic during expression. To get precise roles of an element around the frameshift site, a review on architecture of the frameshifting RNA is performed in combination of reported information with augments of a representative set of 19 viral samples. In spite of a different length for the viral RNAs, a canonical comparison on the element sequence allocation is performed for viewing variability associations between virus genotypes. Additionally, recent and historical insights recognized in frameshifting regulation are looked back as for indel and single nucleotide polymorphism of RNA. As specially noted, structural changes at a frameshift site, the spacer sequence, and a three-helix junction element, as well as two Watson–Crick base pairs near a bulge and a C–G pair close a loop, are the most vital strategies for the virus frameshifting regulations. All of structural changes, which are dependent upon specific sequence variations, facilitate an elucidation about the RNA element conformation-dependent mechanism for frameshifting. These facts on disrupting base pair interactions also allow solving the problem of competition between ribosome and helicase on a same RNA template, common to single-stranded RNA viruses. In a broad perspective, each new insight of frameshifting regulation in the competition systems introduced by the RNA element construct changes will offer a compelling target for antiviral therapy.     

Heterologous expression and characterization of glycoside hydrolase with its potential applications in hyperthermic environment

With the progressive focus on renewable energy via biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass, cellulases are the key enzymes that play a fundamental role in this regard. This study aims to unravel the characteristics of Thermotoga maritima MSB8 (Tma) (a hyperthermophile from hot springs) thermostable glycoside hydrolase enzyme. Here, a glycoside hydrolase gene of Thermotoga maritima (Tma) was heterologously expressed and characterized. The gene was placed in the pQE-30 expression vector under the T5 promotor, and the construct pQE-30-Gh was then successfully integrated into Escherichia coli BL21 (DH5α) genome by transformation. Sequence of the glycoside hydrolase contained an open reading frame of 2.124 kbp, encoded a polypeptide of 721 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein estimated was 79 kDa. The glycoside hydrolase was purified by Ni⁺²-NTA affinity chromatography and its enzymatic activity was investigated. The recombinant enzyme is highly stable within an extreme pH range (2.0–7.0) and highly thermostable at 80 °C for 72 h indicating its viability in hyperthermic environment and acidic nature. Moreover, the Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ introduction stimulated the residual activity of recombinant enzyme. Conclusively, the thermostable glycoside hydrolase possesses potential to be exploited for industrial applications at hyperthermic environment.     

生物有机肥对盐碱地水稻叶片的影响转录组分析

改良修复盐碱地对保障粮食安全和守护耕地红线具有重要意义,种植水稻配施生物有机肥是修复改良盐碱地的一项有效措施。基于生物有机肥肥料效应,测定水稻灌浆期农艺性状,开展叶片转录组测序,通过基因本体(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库分析差异基因的生物学功能和代谢通路,以期揭示生物有机肥对盐碱地水稻的潜在促生机制。试验共设置4个处理,生物有机肥+化肥(T1)、生物有机肥灭活+化肥(T2)、化肥(T3)和空白对照(T4),结果表明,施用生物有机肥能够显著提高水稻叶面积和叶绿素、植株分蘖数和干物质量(P<0.05);T2vsT1、T3vsT1、T4vsT1、T4vsT3差异基因数量分别为6593、4796、6976和1866条,生物有机肥配施化肥引起差异基因表达数量最高,其次为灭活生物有机肥,单施化肥最小;GO分析显示,生物有机肥主要影响水稻叶片肽和酰胺的生物合成与代谢、翻译过程、细胞器及细胞器膜等,化肥对水稻叶片生物学过程影响的差异基因无显著富集(P>0.05);KEGG分析表明,施用生物有机肥差异显著基因主要富集在核糖体和能量代谢相关途径,核糖体相关基因差异表达较多...     

牲畜排泄物返还对草地土壤氮转化和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响研究进展

牲畜排泄物返还被认为是对草地的一种天然的施肥措施,也是草地养分归还的一种重要途径,对于维持土壤肥力和植被生产力具有十分重要的生态学意义。论述了放牧牲畜粪便和尿液自身降解及其氮素变化、粪尿返还对草地土壤氮转化和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的作用机制及影响效应,指出排泄物氮输入使粪尿斑块成为草地土壤氮转化和N₂O排放的活跃点,且不同排泄物类型、土壤理化特性和气候条件等使土壤氮素矿化、固持、硝化及反硝化等关键过程具有复杂性和差异性,进而导致不同类型草地生态系统N₂O排放对牲畜排泄物返还的响应不尽相同。建议未来在全球气候变化背景下,应加强草地牲畜排泄物-植被-土壤体系氮素生物地球化学循环过程的系统研究,进一步加深天然草地关键氮素转化过程和N₂O排放的微生物作用机制方面的认识,从而有助于为优化放牧牲畜排泄物的管理模式、制定科学合理的草地土壤养分调控策略和维持草地生态系统可持续发展提供科学有效的理论指导。     

基于金属有机框架的固定化酰胺酶制备及催化合成(S)-4-氟苯甘氨酸

以微水溶剂热法快速制备的稳定锆基金属有机框架为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用交联法对酰胺酶进行固定化,考察了不同条件对酰胺酶固定化效率的影响。结果表明,戊二醛浓度为1.0%、交联时间为180 min、载体与酶的质量比为8︰1,固定化效率最佳,固定化酶活力回收率达86.4%,蛋白负载量达115.3 mg/g。固定化酶最适温度为40 ℃,最适pH值为9.0,在40 ℃下半衰期为72.2 d,该固定化酶的Km为58.32 mmol/L,Vmax为16.23 μmol/(min·mg),kcat为1 670 s–1。此外,考察了固定化酶催化合成 (S)-4-氟苯甘氨酸的工艺：最适底物浓度300 mmol/L,固定化酶用量10 g/L,反应时间180 min,在最佳反应条件下转化率达49.9%,对映体过量 (Enantiomeric excess,e.e.) 为99.9%。进一步考察了该固定化酶分批催化反应性能,重复使用20批次后,固定化酶活力仍保留95.8%。     

飞来峡水库蓄水初期营养状态及浮游生物分布特征

于2000年丰水期和枯水期调查分析了新建河流型水库-飞来峡水库在蓄水初期的营养状态及浮游生物特征。结果表明:水库处于营养累积高峰期,已开始回落,但流域上游大量含磷废水使水库中磷含量继续上升,目前属于中营养型。共记录到浮游植物29种(属),以蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门种类较多,其中丰水期以蓝藻和绿藻为主,枯水期是硅藻占优势,除大坝附近外,浮游植物两个季节密度变化不大,为0.39×10⁶cells·L^-1.浮游动物53种(属),其中包括僧帽溞和透明薄皮溞两种嗜寒性种类,丰度为52ind.·L^-1,枯水期高于丰水期,数量以轮虫和无节幼体为多。     

与木葡聚糖合成的糖基转移酶基因研究进展

半纤维素多糖木葡聚糖(XyG)存在于大多数植物的初生细胞壁中, 对细胞壁的结构组织和生长发育具有重要的调控作用。XyG在植物进化中存在结构的多样性。该文概述了参与XyG合成的糖基转移酶的最新研究进展, XyG合成需要多种糖基转移酶参与, 这些酶类很可能以蛋白酶复合体的形式存在并发挥作用, XyG的结构和组成的改变对植物的生长发育也产生影响。     

粤港澳大湾区小型公园绿地生态系统文化服务的供需匹配特征

小型公园绿地是城市生态系统文化服务的重要载体,自新冠疫情爆发以来,这类型公园绿地更是成为提供重要文化服务的场所。以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,从潜在供给和潜在需求两个方面量化小型公园绿地文化服务,利用空间自相关与耦合协调度模型,探讨粤港澳大湾区文化服务供需的空间分布及匹配特征。结果如下：(1)生态系统文化服务供给具有明显的梯度分布,大致呈现中间低、四周高的特点;文化服务需求在城市中心区域呈连片分布。(2)文化服务供给在城市之间连片、以高-高聚集区域为主,需求则以低-低聚集为主、连片集中于城市中心,供需双变量则以高供给-低需求的聚集态为主、集中于研究区四周。(3)52.2%的区域属于文化服务需求不足,5.2%的区域供给不足。从小型公园绿地文化服务来看,粤港澳大湾区存在一定比例的生态系统文化服务供需错配现象,为提升人类在抵御重大突发事件过程中的生活质量,可分区管理自然生态系统。     

冻融循环期高寒草原典型物种紫花针茅氮吸收策略

氮(N)是高山和极地生态系统重要的限制性生长因子。目前对冻土区植物N利用机制的研究主要集中于完全融化期,而冻融循环期植物N吸收策略仍存在不确定性。以高寒紫花针茅为研究对象,分别在冻结期(晚秋)和融化期(早春)采用同位素示踪技术,分析植物对(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄和Na¹⁵NO₃的吸收量与偏好动态变化。研究结果显示冻结期紫花针茅冠层生长已停滞,融化期冠层尚未返青,但根系和立枯均可以吸收同化¹⁵N,具备吸收养分的需求。融化期紫花针茅¹⁵N在标记21天后¹⁵N-NH⁺₄和¹⁵N-NO^-₃的总回收率分别为4.44%和6.91%,而冻结期紫花针茅在¹⁵N标记21天后¹⁵N-NH⁺₄和¹⁵...