水产虾蟹microRNA组学研究进展

MicroRNA是一类广泛存在于真核生物,长度约为18～25个核苷酸的非编码RNA,对靶基因转录后的调控具有重要作用,广泛参与生长发育、免疫、增殖和凋亡等各种生物学过程。本文简要总结了microRNA的生成、调控机制及其检测方法,讨论了虾蟹microRNA对免疫调控、生殖发育、环境胁迫三方面的调节作用,以期促进对虾蟹microRNA研究现状的了解以及为microRNA在虾蟹免疫、生殖发育和应对环境胁迫的调控机制研究提供参考。     

Vitamin E Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy via Suppression of Ferroptosis

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases. There is increasing evidence for ferroptosis playing an important role in the occurrence and development of epilepsy. Vitamin E is a common fat-soluble antioxidant that can regulate ferroptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on ferroptosis of hippocampal neurons in epileptic rats. Sixty-four male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 35 mg/kg), vitamin E (200 mg/kg)?+?PTZ, and Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1; 2.5 μmol/kg)?+?PTZ groups, with drugs administered intraperitoneally 15 times every other day for 29 days. The behavioral manifestations (epileptic score, latency, and number of seizures in 30 min) and EEG changes were observed and recorded. Nissl staining and electrophysiological recording were used to assess neuronal damage and excitability in the hippocampal CA1 region, respectively. The levels of iron, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus were assessed by spectrophotometry. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect lipoxygenase 15 (15-LOX) expression. Western blot was used to determine glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and 15-LOX protein levels. Vitamin E treatment was associated with decreased epileptic grade, seizure latency, and number of seizures in the PTZ-kindled epileptic model. Vitamin E treatment also decreased 15-LOX expression, inhibited MDA and iron accumulation, and increased GPX4 and GSH expression. In conclusion, vitamin E can reduce neuronal ferroptosis and seizures by inhibiting 15-LOX expression.

     

Disordered,Large Interlayer Spacing,and Oxygen‐Rich Carbon Nanosheets for Potassium Ion Hybrid Capacitor

Potassium ion storage technology as a promising substitute for the well‐developed lithium ion storage technology is still at the infancy stage of development, and exploring suitable electrode materials is critical for its practical application. Here, the great feasibility of disordered, large interlayer spacing, and oxygen‐rich carbon nanosheets (CNSs) prepared by chemical vapor deposition for potassium ion storage applications is demonstrated. As an anode material, the CNSs exhibit outstanding rate capability as well as excellent cyclic stability. Taking advantage of this, a potassium ion hybrid capacitor (PIHC) is constructed by employing such CNSs as the battery‐type anode and activated carbon as the capacitor‐type cathode. The resulting device displays a high energy density of 149 Wh kg^?1, an ultrahigh power output of 21 kW kg^?1, as well as a long cycling life (80% capacity retention after 5000 cycles), which are all close to the state‐of‐the‐art values for PIHCs. This work promotes the development of high‐performance anode material for potassium ion storage devices, and the designed PIHC pushes the energy density and power density to a higher level.     

Ti‐Gradient Doping to Stabilize Layered Surface Structure for High Performance High‐Ni Oxide Cathode of Li‐Ion Battery

High‐Ni layered oxide cathodes are considered to be one of the most promising cathodes for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries due to their high capacity and low cost. However, surfice residues, such as NiO‐type rock‐salt phase and Li₂CO₃, are often formed at the particle surface due to the high reactivity of Ni³⁺, and inevitably result in an inferior electrochemical performance, hindering the practical application. Herein, unprecedentedly clean surfaces without any surfice residues are obtained in a representative LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ cathode by Ti‐gradient doping. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the particle surface is composed of a disordered layered phase (≈6 nm in thickness) with the same rhombohedra structure as its interior. The formation of this disordered layered phase at the particle surface is electrochemically favored. It leads to the highest rate capacity ever reported and a superior cycling stability. First‐principles calculations further confirm that the excellent electrochemical performance has roots in the excellent chemical/structural stability of such a disordered layered structure, mainly arising from the improved robustness of the oxygen framework by Ti doping. This strategy of constructing the disordered layered phase at the particle surface could be extended to other high‐Ni layered transition metal oxides, which will contribute to the enhancement of their electrochemical performance.     

Chinese society of cardiology expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of adult fulminant myocarditis

Fulminant myocarditis is primarily caused by infection with any number of a variety of viruses. It arises quickly, progresses rapidly, and may lead to severe heart failure or circulatory failure presenting as rapid-onset hypotension and cardiogenic shock, with mortality rates as high as 50%–70%. Most importantly, there are no treatment options, guidelines or an expert consensus statement. Here, we provide the first expert consensus, the Chinese Society of Cardiology Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fulminant Myocarditis, based on data from our recent clinical trial (NCT03268642). In this statement, we describe the clinical features and diagnostic criteria of fulminant myocarditis, and importantly, for the first time, we describe a new treatment regimen termed life support-based comprehensive treatment regimen. The core content of this treatment regimen includes (i) mechanical life support (applications of mechanical respirators and circulatory support systems, including intraaortic balloon pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, (ii) immunological modulation by using sufficient doses of glucocorticoid, immunoglobulin and (iii) antiviral reagents using neuraminidase inhibitor. The proper application of this treatment regimen may and has helped to save the lives of many patients with fulminant myocarditis.

     

Effects of different influent C/N ratios on the performance of various earthworm eco-filter systems: nutrient removal and greenhouse gas emission

In this study, we sought to identify influent carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios that yield relatively high nutrient removal efficiency with relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The earthworm eco-filter (EE) system, which is composed of earthworms and plants (EP group), was found to be optimal for maximizing nutrient removal while reducing GHG emissions. In this EE system, the optimal influent C/N ratio for nutrient removal and GHG emission under C2N treatment conditions. Nutrient removal efficiency under this condition was 85.19 ± 6.40 % chemical oxygen demand, 71.99 ± 11.28 % total nitrogen, and 77.91 ± 8.51 % total phosphorus, while the CO₂ emission rate was 678.89 ± 201.87 mg m^?2 h^?1. Moreover, the highest nutrient removal and GHG emission rates were both achieved in late summer (August). Thus, carbon variation, season, system variation, as well as synergistic interaction between system variations and seasons, significantly affect nutrient removal efficiencies and GHG emissions.     

Fluorescence quenching method for the determination of bleomycins A5 and A2 with halofluorescein dyes

In weak acidic medium, the anticancer antibiotics bleomycin A₅ (BLMA₅) and bleomycin A₂ (BLMA₂) bind with halofluorescein dyes, such as erythrosin (Ery), eosin Y (EY) and eosin B (EB), to form ion‐association complexes, which causes fluorescence quenching of halofluorescein dyes. The quenching values (ΔF) are directly in proportional to the concentrations of bleomycins over the range 0.09–2.5 µg/mL. Based on this, a fluorescence quenching method for the determination of BLMA₅ and BLMA₂ has been developed. The dynamic range is 0.12–2.5 µg/mL for the determination of BLMA₅ and 0.09–2.0 µg/mL for BLMA₂, with detection limits (3σ) of 0.04 µg/mL for BLMA₅, 0.03 µg/mL for BLMA₂, respectively. It has been applied to determine the two antibiotics in human serum, urine and rabbit serum samples. The recovery is in the range 90–102%. In this work, the optimum reaction conditions and the spectral characteristics of the fluorescence are investigated. The reasons for fluorescence quenching are discussed, based on the fluorescence theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Single‐Particle Performances and Properties of LiFePO4 Nanocrystals for Li‐Ion Batteries

It has been recently reported that the solution diffusion, efficiency porosity, and electrode thickness can dominate the high rate performance in the 3D‐printed and traditional LiMn_0.21Fe_0.79PO₄ electrodes for Li‐ions batteries. Here, the intrinsic properties and performances of the single‐particle (SP) of LiFePO₄ are investigated by developing the SP electrode and creating the SP‐model, which will share deep insight on how to further improve the performance of the electrode and related materials. The SP electrode is generated by fully scattering and distributing LiFePO₄ nanoparticles to contact with the conductive network of carbon nanotube or conductive carbon to demonstrate the sharpest cyclic voltammetry peak and related SP‐model is developed, by which it is found that the interfacial rate constant in aqueous electrolyte is one order of magnitude higher, accounting for the excellent rate performance in aqueous electrolyte for LiFePO₄. For the first time it has been proposed that the insight of pre‐exponential factor of interface kinetic Arrhenius equation is related to desolvation/solvation process. Thus, this much higher interfacial rate constant in aqueous electrolyte shall be attributed to the much larger pre‐exponential factor of interface kinetic Arrhenius equation, because the desolvation process is much easier for Li‐ions jumping from aqueous electrolyte to the Janus solid–liquid interface of LiFePO₄.