模拟氮沉降对三种南亚热带树苗生长和光合作用的影响

探讨了 3种南亚热带优势树种荷木 (Schima superba)、锥栗 (Castanopsis chinensis)和黄果厚壳桂 (Cryptocarya concinna)的幼苗对模拟氮沉降增加的响应。实验分为对照组 A和处理组 B、C、D和 E,分别以 NH4 NO3形式人为喷施 0、5、10、15和 30g N/ (m2 · a)。研究结果表明 ,高氮处理组的幼苗生长逐渐受到抑制 ,而中氮处理则大大促进了幼苗的生长。经过 7个月的处理 ,3种树苗的净光合速率呈现出随氮处理水平增加而先增加后减小的特点 ,即 C组的净光合速率最高 ,而 D组则开始下降。荷木幼苗的水分利用效率和锥栗幼苗的气孔导度的变化趋势与净光合速率一样 ,但黄果厚壳桂幼苗的气孔导度和水分利用效率及荷木幼苗气孔导度各处理间差异不明显。荷木和黄果厚壳桂幼苗的光合色素含量随处理水平增加而增加 ,锥栗幼苗的 Chl a和 Chl(a b)含量以 B组最高 ,总体趋势呈现出随处理水平先增加后减小的特点 ,但类胡萝卜素随处理水平增加而增加     

土壤动物对模拟N沉降的响应

通过人工喷施 NH4 NO3而建立一个模拟 N沉降梯度系列的方法 ,研究了苗圃试验样地土壤动物群落对 N沉降增加的响应。实验分为 5个处理 :CK对照、T1、T2、T3和 T4 ,分别接受 0、5、10、15和 30 g N/ (m2 · a)的处理。经 6个月的施氮处理后 ,土壤动物个体总数随着 N沉降处理强度的变化 ,在水平尺度和垂直尺度上均产生了相应的变化。在水平分布上 ,由于 F1层 (0～ 5 cm)受到 N沉降处理最直接的影响 ,其动物个体数的变化趋势较明显 ,表现为 T2 >T1>CK>T3>T4 ,其中前两者显著高于其它处理 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但 F2层 (5～ 10 cm)和 F3层 (10～ 15 cm)的情况变化比较复杂 ,趋势不明显。在垂直分布上 ,T2处理下多数土壤动物集中于 F1层 ,土层越深 ,土壤动物愈少 ,但在最大浓度 T4处理下 ,则完全相反 ,由 F1层向 F3层逐渐增多。总的来说 ,土壤动物在低 N沉降下趋向表层 ,而在高氮沉降下则趋向深层分布。与个体总数的分布格局相类似 ,土壤各层动物类群数总体上呈现明显的单峰变化格局 ,T2处理时类群最丰富 ,并显著高于其它各处理 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;在垂直分布上 ,也表现出先向表层集中后向土壤深层发展的趋势 ,T2处理为其拐点。甲螨随 N沉降强度加大变化的规律性很强 ,它也有个先发展后受遏制的过程 ,T2处理时达到峰值。上     

植物源挥发性有机物对氮沉降响应研究展望

植物排放的挥发性有机物(Biogenic volatile organic compounds, BVOCs),属于植物次生代谢物质,是植物重要的防御物质,亦是全球碳(C)素循环的一个重要组成部分。它们具有很高的化学活性,参与对流层大气化学过程,并对全球变化和碳氮(N)循环等具有潜在的影响。尽管N沉降全球化已严重干扰了生态系统的碳氮循环,并且已威胁到生态系统的健康和安全。然而N沉降对BVOCs影响的研究报道十分缺乏。综述了BVOCs影响因素的基础上,重点论述了N素对BVOCs的影响,提出了N沉降对植物BVOCs影响的趋势模型:在N素不足的系统中,N沉降的增加补充了系统所需的N素,有利于植物的生长,大量BVOCs的排放会受到抑制;在N素丰富或过量的系统中,N沉降导致系统N素过饱和或富营养化,不利于植物的生长,刺激BVOCs的排放增加。此外,还探讨了研究N沉降对BVOCs影响的可行性方法,强调开展我国N沉降对BVOCs的影响研究的重要性和紧迫性。为我国开展N沉降对BVOCs的影响研究以及加深了解生态系统CN循环及其藕合提供参考。     

桂林喀斯特石山50种常见植物叶片养分特征及其适应性差异

选取漓江流域岩溶石山50种常见植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片中碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）及钙（Ca）含量。利用多元统计方法分析叶片养分组成特征,探讨不同生长型植物对岩溶石山生境的适应性差异,旨在为岩溶石山地区的植被恢复建设提供理论依据。方差分析表明,50种常见植物叶片中C_mass、N_mass、P_mass、K_mass、Ca_mass、C/N、C/P和N/P等8个养分指标均存在显著差异,叶片中C、Ca含量较高,N、P含量较低,植物生长主要受P限制。相关性分析表明,C%与N%和C/N呈极显著相关,与K%和Ca%呈显著相关;N%与C/N、C/P、P%和K%极显著相关;P%与K%、C/N和N/P呈极显著相关,与C/P呈显著相关;K%和C/N呈极显著相关;C/N、N/P与C/P均呈极显著相关;其他指标之间的相关性不显著。基于叶片养分聚类分析表明,所研究的50种植物可划分为三类,即喜钙植物、高生产力植物和高抗旱植物。研究结果可为该石漠化地区植被的重建与恢复提供一定的参考依据。     

Interactive Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Soil Microbial Communities in a Tropical Forest

Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition in humid tropical regions may exacerbate phosphorus (P) deficiency in forests on highly weathered soils. However, it is not clear how P availability affects soil microbes and soil carbon (C), or how P processes interact with N deposition in tropical forests. We examined the effects of N and P additions on soil microbes and soil C pools in a N-saturated old-growth tropical forest in southern China to test the hypotheses that (1) N and P addition will have opposing effects on soil microbial biomass and activity, (2) N and P addition will alter the composition of the microbial community, (3) the addition of N and P will have interactive effects on soil microbes and (4) addition-mediated changes in microbial communities would feed back on soil C pools. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to quantify the soil microbial community following four treatments: Control, N addition (15 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹), P addition (15 g P m⁻² yr⁻¹), and N&P addition (15 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ plus 15 g P m⁻² yr⁻¹). These were applied from 2007 to 2011. Whereas additions of P increased soil microbial biomass, additions of N reduced soil microbial biomass. These effects, however, were transient, disappearing over longer periods. Moreover, N additions significantly increased relative abundance of fungal PLFAs and P additions significantly increased relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi PLFAs. Nitrogen addition had a negative effect on light fraction C, but no effect on heavy fraction C and total soil C. In contrast, P addition significantly decreased both light fraction C and total soil C. However, there were no interactions between N addition and P addition on soil microbes. Our results suggest that these nutrients are not co-limiting, and that P rather than N is limiting in this tropical forest.     

Discovery and Confirmation of O-GlcNAcylated Proteins in Rat Liver Mitochondria by Combination of Mass Spectrometry and Immunological Methods

O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an important post-translational modification (PTM) consisting of a single N-acetylglucosamine moiety attached via an O-β-glycosidic linkage to serine and threonine residues. Glycosylation with O-GlcNAc occurs on myriad nuclear and cytosolic proteins from almost all functional classes. However, with respect to O-GlcNAcylated proteins special in mitochondria, little attention has been paid. In this study, we combined mass spectrometry and immunological methods to perform global exploration of O-GlcNAcylated proteins specific in mitochondria of rat liver. First, highly purified mitochondrial proteins were obviously shown to be O-GlcNAcylated by immunoblot profiling. Then, β-elimination followed by Michael Addition with Dithiothreitol (BEMAD) treatment and LC-MS/MS were performed to enrich and identify O-GlcNAcylated mitochondrial proteins, resulting in an unambiguous assignment of 14 O-GlcNAcylation sites, mapping to 11 O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Furthermore, the identified O-GlcNAcylated mitochondrial proteins were fully validated by both electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (ETD/MS/MS) and western blot. Thus, for the first time, our study definitely not only identified but also validated that some mitochondrial proteins in rat liver are O-GlcNAcylated. Interestingly, all of these O-GlcNAcylated mitochondrial proteins are enzymes, the majority of which are involved in a wide variety of biological processes, such as urea cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipid metabolism, indicating a role for protein O-GlcNAcylation in mitochondrial function.     

Global response patterns of plant photosynthesis to nitrogen addition: A meta‐analysis

A mechanistic understanding of plant photosynthetic response is needed to reliably predict changes in terrestrial carbon (C) gain under conditions of chronically elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. Here, using 2,683 observations from 240 journal articles, we conducted a global meta‐analysis to reveal effects of N addition on 14 photosynthesis‐related traits and affecting moderators. We found that across 320 terrestrial plant species, leaf N was enhanced comparably on mass basis (N_mass, +18.4%) and area basis (N_area, +14.3%), with no changes in specific leaf area or leaf mass per area. Total leaf area (TLA) was increased significantly, as indicated by the increases in total leaf biomass (+46.5%), leaf area per plant (+29.7%), and leaf area index (LAI, +24.4%). To a lesser extent than for TLA, N addition significantly enhanced leaf photosynthetic rate per area (A_area, +12.6%), stomatal conductance (g_s, +7.5%), and transpiration rate (E, +10.5%). The responses of A_area were positively related with that of g_s, with no changes in instantaneous water‐use efficiency and only slight increases in long‐term water‐use efficiency (+2.5%) inferred from ¹³C composition. The responses of traits depended on biological, experimental, and environmental moderators. As experimental duration and N load increased, the responses of LAI and A_area diminished while that of E increased significantly. The observed patterns of increases in both TLA and E indicate that N deposition will increase the amount of water used by plants. Taken together, N deposition will enhance gross photosynthetic C gain of the terrestrial plants while increasing their water loss to the atmosphere, but the effects on C gain might diminish over time and that on plant water use would be amplified if N deposition persists.     

Carbon accumulation and distribution in Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest ecosystem in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China

Carbon accumulation and distribution were studied at three sampling plots in a 13-year-old mixed planatation of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China. The results showed that carbon content varied with tissues and tree species, but the total carbon content of Pinus massoniana was higher than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The average tissue carbon contents of Pinus massoniana were: wood (58.6%) > root (56.3%) > branch (51.2%) > bark (49.8%) > leaf (46.8%), while those of Cunninghamia lanceolata were: bark (52.2%) > leaf (51.8%) > wood (50.2%) > root (47.5%) > branch (46.7%). The carbon contents of the soil (at a depth of 60cm) ranged from 1.45% to 1.84% with an average of 1.70%. Carbon contents were higher in the surface soil (0–20cm) than in the deep layer (below 20cm). The average carbon contents were the highest for trees (51.1%), followed by litter (48.3%), shrubs (44.1%), and herbs (33.0%). The biomass of the trees in the three plots ranged from 85.35 t hm?2 to 101.35 t hm?2 with an average of 93.83 t hm^?2, in which 75.7%–82.6% was Pinus massoniana. The biomass of the understory was 2.10–3.95 t hm^?2 with an average of 2.72 t hm^?2, while the standing stock of ground litter was 5.49–7.91 t hm^?2 with an average of 6.75 t hm^?2. The carbon storage in the mixed plantation reached the maximum in the soil layer (69.02%), followed by vegetation (29.03%), and standing litter (1.82%). The carbon storage in the tree layer occupied 23.90% of the total ecosystem and 97.7% of the vegetation layer. Pinus massoniana accounted for 65.39% of the total carbon storage in the tree layer. Tissue carbon storage was directly related to the corresponding amount of biomass. Trunks had the highest carbon storage, accounting for 53.23% of the trees in Pinus massoniana and 55.57% in Cunninghamia lanceolata, respectively. Roots accounted for about 19.22% of the total tree carbon. The annual net productivity of the mixed plantation was 11.46 t hm?2a?1, and that of sequestered carbon was 5.96 t hm?2a?1, which was equivalent to fixing CO2 of 21.88 t hm?2a?1. The plantation was found to be an important sink of atmospheric CO₂.     

Enhanced N-glycosylation site exploitation of sialoglycopeptides by peptide IPG-IEF assisted TiO2 chromatography

Playing an important role in a broad range of biological and pathological processes, sialylation has been drawing wide interest. The efficient sialoglycopeptides enrichment methods are therefore attracting considerable attention. In this paper, we first compared two conventional enrichment methods, lectin and TiO(2), and analyzed their characteristics. Furthermore, considering the highly negatively charged nature of sialic acids, we developed a new strategy, peptide immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF) assisted TiO(2) chromatography (PIAT), for the highly efficient enrichment of sialoglycopeptides. In this method, peptides were first separated into 24 fractions using peptide IPG-IEF. Sialoglycopeptides were relatively concentrated in low-pH fractions of the immobilized pH strips and were captured using TiO(2) chromatography. As a result, 614?N-glycosylation sites were identified in 582 sialoglycopeptides within 322 sialoglycoproteins from rat liver using PIAT. To our knowledge, this work represents one of the most comprehensive sialoglycoproteomic analyses in general and exhibits the largest database of sialoglycoproteome in rat liver currently. So the new strategy introduced here exhibits high efficiency and universality in the sialoglycopeptide enrichment, and is a powerful tool for sialoglycoproteome exploration.     

Large Loss of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen from Nitrogen-Saturated Forests in Subtropical China

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has recently been recognized as an important component of terrestrial N cycling, especially under N-limited conditions; however, the effect of increased atmospheric N deposition on DON production and loss from forest soils remains controversial. Here we report DON and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from forest soils receiving very high long-term ambient atmospheric N deposition with or without additional experimental N inputs, to investigate DON biogeochemistry under N-saturated conditions. We studied an old-growth forest, a young pine forest, and a young mixed pine/broadleaf forest in subtropical southern China. All three forests have previously been shown to have high nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching losses, with the highest loss found in the old-growth forest. We hypothesized that DON leaching loss would be forest specific and that the strongest response to experimental N input would be in the N-saturated old-growth forest. Our results showed that under ambient deposition (35–50 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ as throughfall input), DON leaching below the major rooting zone in all three forests was high (6.5–16.9 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). DON leaching increased 35–162% following 2.5 years of experimental input of 50–150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The fertilizer-driven increase of DON leaching comprised 4–17% of the added N. A concurrent increase in DOC loss was observed only in the pine forest, even though DOC:DON ratios declined in all three forests. Our data showed that DON accounted for 23–38% of total dissolved N in leaching, highlighting that DON could be a significant pathway of N loss from forests moving toward N saturation. The most pronounced N treatment effect on DON fluxes was not found in the old-growth forest that had the highest DON loss under ambient conditions. DON leaching was highly correlated with NO₃⁻ leaching in all three forests. We hypothesize that abiotic incorporation of excess NO₃⁻ (through chemically reactive NO₂⁻) into soil organic matter and the consequent production of N-enriched dissolved organic matter is a major mechanism for the consistent and large DON loss in the N-saturated subtropical forests of southern China. Dr. YT Fang performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper; Prof. WX Zhu participated in the initial experimental design, analyzed data, and took part in writing the paper; Prof. P Gundersen conceived the study and took part in writing; Prof. JM Mo and Prof. GY Zhou conceived study; Prof. M Yoh analyzed part of the data and contributed to the development of DON model.