Development and regulation of stem cell‐based therapies in China

BackgroundClinical researches of stem cell‐based therapies are highly active in China, while it was arduous to determine the most effective way of clinical translation of those advanced therapies.MethodsThis article briefly introduced the regulatory framework development, the progress in stem cell clinical researches and clinical trials of commercially developed stem cell‐based products, as well as the clinical review concerns of stem cell‐based products in China.Main findingsThe current regulatory framework of stem cell clinical researches in China was launched in 2015, when regulatory authorities issued “Administrative Measures on Stem Cell Clinical Research” (AMSCCR) detailing the rules of stem cell clinical research. Thereafter, the rapidly growing stem cell clinical researches were rigorously managed and clinical use of stem cell therapy was halted. Meanwhile, commercially developed stem cell‐based products are supervised by Drug Administration Law (DAL).ConclusionThe regulatory framework of stem cell‐based therapy in China has progressed in the last few decades, which is currently regulated according to AMSCCR and DAL. Well‐designed and patient‐focused clinical trial is required for commercially developed stem cell‐based products, and definite clinical benefit evidence is crucial to obtain marketing authorization.

This article briefly introduced the regulatory framework development of stem cell‐based therapy, progress in stem cell‐based clinical studies and clinical review concerns in China.     

喜马拉雅山东段鸟类多度-垂直分布幅关系:特有种与非特有种的对比

物种多度与分布幅之间的正相关被认为是一种普遍的规律。但近年在热带山地和岛屿的研究发现多度-分布幅关系会出现不相关或负相关的现象;该现象可能是由于当地多度高且分布幅小的特有种比例较高所导致。在喜马拉雅山东段的勒布沟沿海拔2350—4950 m开展研究：1)记录了当地鸟类多度垂直分布格局;2)验证了该区繁殖鸟总体多度-垂直分布幅关系,并对比了特有种和非特有种分组子集多度-垂直分布幅关系、平均多度和垂直分布中心的差异。研究发现勒布沟鸟类多度垂直分布格局为驼峰格局。该区繁殖鸟类与非特有种的多度-垂直分布幅关系均为正相关,但特有种的多度-垂直分布幅关系为不相关。特有种的多度及海拔分布中心位置均高于非特有种。结果表明区域的鸟类特有性对多度-垂直分布幅关系存在着重要的影响;地理隔离导致的区域物种组成差异,是造成多度-分布幅关系模式变化的重要原因之一。     

Whole genomic DNA sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of Arthrospira platensis: high genome plasticity and genetic diversity

Arthrospira platensis is a multi-cellular and filamentous non-N2-fixing cyanobacterium that is capable of performing oxygenic photosynthesis. In this study, we determined the nearly complete genome sequence of A. platensis YZ. A. platensis YZ genome is a single, circular chromosome of 6.62 Mb in size. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A. platensis YZ was more closely related to A. platensis NIES-39 than Arthrospira sp. PCC 8005 and A. platensis C1. Broad gene gains were identified between A. platensis YZ and three other Arthrospira speices, some of which have been previously demonstrated that can be laterally transferred among different species, such as restriction-modification systems-coding genes. Moreover, unprecedented extensive chromosomal rearrangements among different strains were observed. The chromosomal rearrangements, particularly the chromosomal inversions, were analysed and estimated to be closely related to palindromes that involved long inverted repeat sequences and the extensively distributed type IIR restriction enzyme in the Arthrospira genome. In addition, species from genus Arthrospira unanimously contained the highest rate of repetitive sequence compared with the other species of order Oscillatoriales, suggested that sequence duplication significantly contributed to Arthrospira genome phylogeny. These results provided in-depth views into the genomic phylogeny and structural variation of A. platensis, as well as provide a valuable resource for functional genomics studies.     

氧化苦参碱下调免疫细胞TLR7mRNA的表达

为了探讨氧化苦参碱对免疫细胞Toll-like receptor7( TLR7) mRNA表达的影响,使用CCK-8试剂盒检测氧化苦参碱对RAW264.7细胞的生长抑制作用.应用荧光定量PCR方法检测氧化苦参碱对RAW264.7细胞TLR7 mRNA及其下游因子TNF-α mRNA表达的影响;检测氧化苦参碱对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞TLR7 mRNA及其下游因子MyD88、TRAF-6 mRNA表达的影响.结果显示,氧化苦参碱对RAW264.7细胞的半数抑制率为5.9 mg/mL.氧化苦参碱下调RAW264.7细胞TLR7、TNF-α mRNA表达;下调小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞TLR7、MyD88、TRAF-6 mRNA表达.由此得出,氧化苦参碱可下调免疫细胞TLR7mRNA的表达.     

城市边缘区生态脆弱性时空演变——以大连市甘井子区为例

以1998年的土地利用数据和2003、2007、2013 SPOT5遥感数据等多元数据为基础,运用ESC模型结合空间分析法,线性加权方法计算社区的EVI值,并将甘井子区生态脆弱性划分为5个等级;以及运用二乘算法计算变化斜率,F值测算变化显著性,将变化斜率和变化显著性分为4个等级,研究大连市甘井子区1998—2013生态脆弱性的时空分异。结果表明:(1)从城市边缘区生态脆弱性等级分布特征来看,城市边缘区生态环境呈现出相同等级聚集,以邻近沙河口区社区为中心,相邻等级呈现出明显的辐射状,东西方向差异明显的特征。(2)从社区间生态脆弱性差异的角度来看,甘井子内部各社区生态状态差异显著。邻近市区的社区生态脆弱性变化显著生态环境迅速恶化,平均EVI由0.62增加至0.73,变化显著性指数为2.26。远离市区的部分社区生态环境变化不大,生态环境保持良好状态。部分社区EVI变化值呈现负增长,生态逐渐恢复。(3)从城市边缘区生态脆弱性整体变化趋势来看,1998—2013年间甘井子区的生态脆弱性变化与城市化发展速度密切相关,以2007年为节点,1998—2007年平均变化斜率指数为0.51,2007—2013年平均变化斜率指数为0.19,呈现出先快后慢的下降趋势。     

陆地生态系统甲烷产生和氧化过程的微生物机理

陆地生态系统存在许多常年性或季节性缺氧环境,如:湿地、水稻土、湖泊沉积物、动物瘤胃、垃圾填埋场和厌氧生物反应器等。每年有大量有机物质进入这些环境,在缺氧条件下发生厌氧分解。甲烷是有机质厌氧分解的最终产物。产生的甲烷气体可通过缺氧-有氧界面释放到大气,产生温室效应,是重要的温室气体。产甲烷过程是缺氧环境中有机质分解的核心环节,而甲烷氧化是缺氧-有氧界面的重要微生物过程。甲烷的产生和氧化过程共同调控大气甲烷浓度,是全球碳循环不可分割的组成部分。对陆地生态系统甲烷产生和氧化过程的微生物机理研究进展进行了概要回顾和综述。主要内容包括:新型产甲烷古菌即第六和第七目产甲烷古菌和嗜冷嗜酸产甲烷古菌的发现;短链脂肪酸中间产物互营氧化过程与直接种间电子传递机制;新型甲烷氧化菌包括厌氧甲烷氧化菌和疣微菌属好氧甲烷氧化菌的发现;甲烷氧化菌生理生态与环境适应的新机制。这些研究进展显著拓展了人们对陆地生态系统甲烷产生和氧化机理的认识和理解。随着新一代土壤微生物研究技术的发展与应用,甲烷产生和氧化微生物研究领域将面临更多机遇和挑战,对未来发展趋势做了展望。     

二羟丙氧甲基鸟苷(DHPG)体外抑制单纯疱疹病毒增殖的研究

二羟丙氧甲基鸟苷[9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-Propoxymethyl)guanine,简称DHPG]是近几年合成的一种结构与无环鸟苷(ACV)类似的抗病毒化合物(图1)。已证明,它对单纯疱疹病毒1、2型(HSV-1、2),巨细胞病毒(CMV)、水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)具有较强的选择性抑制作用,尤以对CMV的作用,被认为是最有希望的抗CMV药物之     

小麦转录因子基因TaERF7的克隆及其表达分析

温光敏核不育小麦(Triticum aestivum)百农不育系(Bainong sterility,BNS)是一种良好的小麦杂种优势利用材料,利用其低温不育、高温可育的特性可以实现“两系法”杂交小麦育种。该研究为找到BNS育性转换的关键基因,从已有BNS不育和可育花药的基因芯片数据中,鉴定得到表达存在差异的TaERF7基因,并通过设计引物克隆了TaERF7的cDNA和启动子序列,采用qRT-PCR分析TaERF7对不同温度和光照的响应。结果显示:(1)生物信息学分析表明,TaERF7基因的CDS区有660 bp,编码219个氨基酸;TaERF7蛋白含有AP2结构域和2个EAR基序,属于第二类乙烯响应因子(Ethylene response factor,ERF);TaERF7的氨基酸序列与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtERF4同源,可能是一种转录抑制因子;TaERF7启动子区含有多个光响应和低温响应的顺式作用元件。(2)qRT-PCR结果表明,TaERF7在BNS的不同组织与器官中均有表达;在长日照(14 h)下,TaERF7在BNS中的表达量下调约0.47倍,而在短日照(10 h)处理下,TaERF7在BNS中的表达量上调约1.14倍;4℃的低温处理使TaERF7表达量在2 h内上调了约25.7倍,并且在48 h内一直保持较高的水平,而在37℃下虽然可以使TaERF7表达量在1 h内上调约0.71倍,但2 h后便急剧下调,到12 h时其表达量与对照相比已下调了约0.85倍。该研究结果初步证明,TaERF7基因可能特异性结合下游基因启动子的GCC box、DRE和CRT元件,调控下游基因的表达,从而影响了BNS的育性。