饥饿对南方鲇幼鱼游泳能力个体变异和重复性的影响

为考察肉食性鱼类有氧和无氧运动能力的种内个体变异、重复性及其对饥饿的响应, 研究以南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis Chen）幼鱼为实验对象, 在（250.5）℃条件下测定对照组（n=28）和饥饿组（n=29）的临界游泳速度（Critical swimming speed, Ucrit）、暴发游泳速度（Constant acceleration speed, Ucat）和固定流速耐受时间（Endurance）, 分析游泳能力的个体变异、稳定性及饥饿的影响。结果显示: （1）饥饿组的体重、体长和肥满度均分别显著下降了（15.100.86）%、（2.570.40）%和（7.941.59）%（P0.05）, 而对照组无明显变化; （2）对照组的Ucat和耐受时间无明显变化（P0.05）, 但Ucrit下降（6.632.25）%（P=0.031）, 而除耐受时间外饥饿组其Ucrit和Ucat分别显著下降了（26.002.76）%和（13.681.86）%（P0.001）, 并饥饿组Ucrit的下降比例显著大于其Ucat（P0.001）; （3）并且对照组三个指标的变异系数（Coefficient of variation, CV）变化方向和程度不尽相同, 饥饿组的Ucrit、Ucat和耐受时间的CV全部增加; （4）南方鲇幼鱼Ucrit和Ucat呈正相关且2周的饥饿并未改变此正相关。饥饿明显降低南方鲇幼鱼两种游泳能力并导致游泳能力的个体变异变大, 但没有改变该种鱼的有氧运动能力和无氧运动能力之间的内在正相关关系。研究表明无氧运动能力在环境改变后显得更为保守, 种内个体变异的变动可能有利于在相同自然选择压力下种内个体采取不同的捕食和避敌对策。       

Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: Nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the ¹⁵N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N/m², which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N/m²). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient‐poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.     

小鼠子宫颈部位输卵管蛋白表达的初步研究

用RT-PCR及免疫印迹法检测证实小鼠子宫颈粘膜上皮细胞具表达输卵管蛋白的能力,宫颈部所获得的输卵管蛋白转录产物, 310到 714的405bp的cDNA片段经序列测定及blast比较表明与输卵管部位表达的输卵管蛋白完全一致(100%)。小鼠子宫颈输卵管蛋白在动情周期的表达波动情况与输卵管粘膜上皮的类似,其表达于小鼠动情期明显增加。Westernblot显示小鼠子宫颈提取物中存在两种不同分子量(60KD,30KD)的输卵管蛋白。原位杂交结果则提示子宫颈粘膜上皮细胞含丰富的输卵管蛋白mRNA信号。通过"原体中风"实验未发现输卵管蛋白在体外对精子活动有影响,其功能尚须进一步分析。     

家蝇GNBP3基因克隆及感染白色念珠菌后的表达

对家蝇GNBP3基因进行克隆及生物信息学分析,并对该基因在感染白色念珠菌Candida albicans后的表达情况进行研究。从构建的家蝇Musca domestica幼虫c DNA质粒文库中筛选到GNBP3基因,克隆并运用生物信息学方法对该基因及其编码蛋白进行预测和分析。白色念珠菌注射感染家蝇幼虫并收集标本,逆转录,通过荧光定量PCR检测感染样本中GNBP3基因的表达情况,结果进行统计学分析。研究结果表明,GNBP3基因ORF全长1473 bp,编码490个氨基酸,理论分子量为55.8 k Da,等电点为6.85;感染后不同时间点,感染组与对照组比较,在3 h、12 h、36 h、48 h GNBP3 mRNA的表达明显增高,两组比较有显著性差异(P0.05),而24 h表达差异性最小;感染后不同组织中感染组与对照组比较,3 h和12 h时,在体壁、血淋巴、脂肪体中的表达量升高,具有显著性差异(P0.05);24 h时,在血淋巴中的表达量较对照组高,而在唾液腺和脂肪体中的表达量呈下降趋势,均具有显著性差异(P0.05);48 h,在血淋巴和脂肪体中表达量较对照组高,在中肠的表达量较对照组低,均具有显著性差异(P0.01)。成功克隆GNBP3基因且在家蝇感染白色念珠菌后GNBP3的表达水平随时间的推移呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势,在各组织中以在免疫组织(血淋巴、脂肪体)中的表达显著增高,推测其在真菌识别过程中发挥潜在作用。     

Design and selection of trap color for capture of the tea leafhopper,Empoasca vitis,by orthogonal optimization

The tea leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Göthe) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a major pest of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae). In this study, the RGB color model was used to describe the colors of sticky traps. The most effective color for attraction of E. vitis was investigated by orthogonal optimization. The selected color was verified in tea gardens and the most effective height for positioning of color sticky traps for capturing tea leafhoppers was investigated. After the determination of the effect of the three color parameters and their interactions by orthogonal optimization, the color gold (RGB: 255, 215, 0) was selected as the most effective color to trap tea leafhoppers. In tea gardens, more leafhoppers were captured using gold sticky traps (RGB: 226, 204, 4) than using commercially available yellow sticky traps. The most effective height of gold sticky traps for trapping leafhoppers was 40–60 cm above the tea canopy. Few lady beetles were captured at this height. We conclude that the orthogonal optimization method is a convenient and efficient method to screen digitally generated colors for attracting and trapping of pests.     

草地贪夜蛾高致病力绿僵菌菌株的筛选与鉴定

为获取对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda具有高致病力的生防真菌,从福建省不同地区分离得到8株寄主为鳞翅目和半翅目幼虫僵虫的绿僵菌Metarhizium,采用浸渍法测定了其对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫和蛹的致病力,并根据形态学和分子生物学方法对高致病力菌株进行种类鉴定。结果表明,8株绿僵菌菌株对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫和蛹均表现出不同程度的致病力,其中菌株FJMR2和FJXY7表现出较强的致病力。在5×107个/mL孢子浓度下,FJMR2和FJXY7对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的致死率分别为88.76%和82.13%,对蛹的致死率分别为86.57%和84.00%;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LT50分别为4.81 d和4.93 d,对蛹的LT50分别为4.94 d和4.83 d。经鉴定菌株FJMR2和FJXY7均为莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium rileyi。本研究获得2株对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫和蛹具有高致病力的莱氏绿僵菌菌株,在草地贪夜蛾的生物防治中具有较大应用潜力。     

元谋新第三纪食肉动物化石的初步观察

本文对云南元谋盆地产古猿化石地点的部分食肉类化石进行了初步观察分类,认为它们的时代似应稍晚于禄丰,相当上新世早期,估计距今5-6百万年.     

Improvement of a Potential Anthrax Therapeutic by Computational Protein Design

Past anthrax attacks in the United States have highlighted the need for improved measures against bioweapons. The virulence of anthrax stems from the shielding properties of the Bacillus anthracis poly-γ-d-glutamic acid capsule. In the presence of excess CapD, a B. anthracis γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, the protective capsule is degraded, and the immune system can successfully combat infection. Although CapD shows promise as a next generation protein therapeutic against anthrax, improvements in production, stability, and therapeutic formulation are needed. In this study, we addressed several of these problems through computational protein engineering techniques. We show that circular permutation of CapD improved production properties and dramatically increased kinetic thermostability. At 45 °C, CapD was completely inactive after 5 min, but circularly permuted CapD remained almost entirely active after 30 min. In addition, we identify an amino acid substitution that dramatically decreased transpeptidation activity but not hydrolysis. Subsequently, we show that this mutant had a diminished capsule degradation activity, suggesting that CapD catalyzes capsule degradation through a transpeptidation reaction with endogenous amino acids and peptides in serum rather than hydrolysis.     

Nitrate respiratory metabolism in an obligately autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6

Hydrogenobacter thermophilus strain TK-6 was observed to grow anaerobically on nitrate as an electron acceptor when molecular hydrogen was used as an energy source. Nitrite was detected as the product of a respiratory reaction. 15NO, 15N2O, and 15N2 were detected with Na15NO3 as an electron acceptor. Western immunoblot analysis showed that cell-free extracts from cells grown on nitrate reacted with antibodies against heme cd1-type nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The positive bands, which had molecular masses similar to that of the heme cd1-type nitrite reductase, were also stained by heme staining. These results indicate that nitrite reductase of strain TK-6 is a heme cd1-type enzyme. Activity of ATP:citrate lyase, one of the key enzymes of the reductive TCA cycle, was detected in cell-free extract of cells cultivated on nitrate, which indicates that the cycle operates during anaerobic growth.