Gene transfer of Ig-fusion proteins into B cells prevents and treats autoimmune diseases

Based on the tolerogenic properties of IgG carriers and B cell Ag presentation, we developed a retrovirally mediated gene expression approach for treatment of autoimmune conditions. In this study, we show that the IgG-Ag retroviral constructs, expressing myelin basic protein (MBP) or glutamic acid decarboxylase in B cells, can be used for the treatment of murine models for multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Transduction of syngeneic B cells with MBP-IgG leads to the amelioration of ongoing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by the transfer of primed cells from PLxSJL F(1) mice with ongoing disease and could be effective even after symptoms appeared. This effect is specific and does not involve bystander suppression because treatment with MBP-IgG does not affect disease induced after immunization with proteolipid protein immunodominant peptide plus MBP. Interestingly, if donor B cells are derived from gld mice (Fas ligand-negative), then tolerance is not induced with a model Ag although there was no evidence for Fas ligand-mediated deletion of target T cells. In spontaneous diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice, we were able to stop the ongoing autoimmune process by treatment at 7-10 wk with glutamic acid decarboxylase-IgG retrovirally transduced B cells, or attenuate it with B cells transduced with an insulin B chain (B9-23) epitope IgG fusion protein. Furthermore, IgG fusion protein gene therapy can also protect primed recipients from Ag-induced anaphylactic shock, and thus does not cause immune deviation. These results demonstrate proof of principle for future efforts to develop this approach in a clinical setting.     

Effects of spontaneous or induced brain ischemia on vessel reactivity: the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase

Short episodes of ischemia and reperfusion in various organs may protect the organ itself, and the heart both as an immediate and a delayed effect. The present study investigates whether a systemic protection of vascular function occurs during adaption to ischemia. Brain ischemia was induced by bilateral ligation of the internal carotid arteries in C57BL6 mice, and 24-36 hours later rings of the thoracic aorta were mounted to study in vitro relaxation and contraction, or proteins were extracted for immunoblotting for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or inducible NOS (iNOS). eNOS decreased, while iNOS increased in the aortic wall after carotid artery ligation. In vitro contraction to increasing concentrations of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) was attenuated, while relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) was enhanced. The latter was abolished by the iNOS-inhibitor aminoguanidine. When brain ischemia was induced in iNOS deficient mice, an increase of aortic eNOS was found 24 hours later. The ischemia-induced attenuated relaxation to PGF(2alpha) and enhanced relaxation to ACh were abolished. Aortic rings from mice with severe atherosclerosis (apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor double knockout (ApoE/LDLr KO) mice) and spontaneous ischemic events in the heart or brain in vivo were also studied. Spontaneous ischemic events in ApoE/LDLr KO animals did not influence iNOS and eNOS in the vessel wall. A reduced contraction to PGF(2alpha) was observed, but relaxation to ACh was unchanged. These findings suggest that induced brain ischemia as a model of delayed, remote preconditioning protects vessel reactivity, and this protection is mediated by iNOS.     

Senwot Wharton,a new genus for the Oriental region with description of two new species from Thailand (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae)

SenwotWharton 1983, is a small braconid genus with only two previously described species. The genus is revised using morphological characters and a phylogenetic analysis of COI sequence. Senwot Wharton is reported for the first time from Thailand and two new species: Senwot yinxianggaoae Yao n. sp. and Senwot jiyuanyaoi Yao n. sp. are described and illustrated. A key to species of the genus Senwot is presented.www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D7E79499-491E-4845-991B-0FE763A45162     

Platelet-derived growth factor and inflammatory cytokines have differential effects on the expression of integrins α1β1 and α5β1 by human dermal fibroblasts in vitro

Dermal fibroblasts are essential for the repair of cutaneous wounds. Fibroblasts presumably use cell surface receptors of the integrin family during migration into a wound from the adjacent uninjured tissue and for the subsequent matrix repairs. We have investigated the possible roles of platelet-derived growth factor and inflammatory cytokines in the regulation of integrin expression on wound fibroblasts using a porcine cutaneous wound model and cultured human cells. Tissue specimens collected from 4-day pig wounds were stained with antibodies specific for the α1 and α5 integrin subunits. Staining for α1 was markedly decreased on fibroblasts adjacent to the wound and in the granulation tissue, while staining for α5 was clearly enhanced in both locations. Normal adult human dermal fibroblasts in culture express the integrins α1β1, a collagen receptor, and α5β1, a fibronectin receptor. Quantitative flow cytometry was used to measure cell surface integrin expression after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-AB, or PDGF-BB. Each isoform of PDGF produced a significant decrease in the level of α1 present on the cell surface and an increase in the level of α5. Furthermore, PDGF-BB produced a corresponding decrease in α1 mRNA and an increase in α5 mRNA. In contrast, treatment with three inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, produced clear increases in the levels of α1 and α5 present on the cell surface. Our observations suggest that the differential effects of PDGF and inflammatory cytokines may be part of the mechanism regulating the expression of α1 and α5 integrins by dermal fibroblasts during wound repair. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

双哌达莫促肺泡巨噬细胞抗病毒作用

观察双哌达莫 （ＤＰＭ） 对呼吸道合胞病毒 （ＲＳＶ） 肺炎小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 （Ａｍ ） 的作用。采用组织化学和电镜等方法, 对肺炎组与肺炎＋ ＤＰＭ 处理组进行了对比观察。结果显示肺炎组Ａｍ 超微结构发育不良, 吞噬与分泌能力弱; ＤＰＭ 处理组比肺炎组Ａｍ 数量轻度增加, 细胞内溶酶体、滑面内质网与线粒体丰富,吞噬消化、分泌能力增强,病毒滴度与ＲＮＡ阳性细胞明显减少（Ｐ＜ ００１ 与Ｐ＜ ００５）。ＤＰＭ 提高Ａｍ非特异性免疫功能     

东海大陆架鱼类群落的空间结构

根据1997～2000年东海大陆架水深30～200米海域4个航次的底拖网调查资料,运用多元分析(聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS))、SIMPER以及BIO-ENV方法分析了东海鱼类群落的空间格局以及与非生物环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,东海大陆架海域鱼类群落在空间上可分为3个群落类型,分别为东海近海群落、东海大陆架外缘群落以及这两个群落之间的东海大陆架混合群落。东海大陆架鱼类群落的种类组成沿着水深梯度的变化明显,每种鱼类均有一定的水深范围。不同的流系具有不同的温盐特征,影响了鱼类的分布及其洄游,从而控制了不同鱼类群落类型的种类组成。东海大陆架鱼类群落类型中,大陆架外缘群落类型各调查季节在空间分布和种类组成上相对稳定,而东海近海群落类型和东海大陆架混合群落类型在夏季融合在一起,其它季节保持各自的空间结构。同时东海陆架区只在一种群落类型中出现的鱼类相对较少,多数鱼类同时出现在两个群落类型中或3个群落类型中,但是它们相对较集中的区域明显不同,在不同群落类型中的生物量和出现频率有很大的差异,这些鱼类在其不同的生长发育阶段由于对海洋环境的不同需求,它们根据繁殖或摄食需求而在东海陆架区范围内洄游以寻找最适的海洋环境,因此对3个群落类型定义是相对的,很难严格确定一个永久的鱼类群落地理区域,以形成相互隔离的鱼类群落,而且鱼类群落之间的边界随着季节不同发生变化。     

斜纹夜蛾的生物学和生态学研究

本对斜纹夜蛾的种群消长、性比、发育历期、发育起点温度与有效积温以及毒力测定进行了研究。结果表明：斜纹戎蛾幼虫的种群消长有两个高峰期;室内测得斜纹夜蛾的发育起点温度为13．26℃,全世代有效积温为485．54日度。5种药剂对斜纹夜蛾四龄幼虫的毒力从大到小顺序为：敌杀死、万灵、功走、敌敌畏和氧化乐果。     

几种杀虫剂对小地老虎的毒力测定

本研究了９种杀虫剂对小地老虎Ａｇｒｏｔｉｓ ｙｐｓｉｌｏｎ（Ｒｏｔｔｅｎｂｅｒｇ）３龄幼虫的触杀毒力。结果得出,触杀毒力从大到小的顺序：功夫菊酯、溴氰菊酯、农哈哈、卡死克、拉维因、米满、辛硫磷、锐劲特、敌百虫。其中功夫菊酯、溴氰菊酯和农哈哈的触杀毒力最强,比敌百虫高出１００００倍以上,在生产上可推荐使用。本试验还发现３龄幼虫的体重对毒力也有一定的影响。     

近20年藏北地区AVHRR NDVI与气候因子的关系

利用藏北那曲地区1981~2001年NOAA/AVHRR的旬合成NDVI资料和6个站的逐日气象资料,分析了(归一化指数NDVI)的年内和年际变化规律以及NDVI与8个气候要素的相关关系,主要结论:影响NDVI年变化最显著的气候因子是温度,其中水汽压与NDVI的相关程度明显大于降水量;日照时数与NDVI呈负相关;NDVI与日照时数的滞后时间约0~10d,与风速没有滞后现象,与潜在蒸散、温度、水汽压和降水约20~40d;影响NDVI年际变化最显著的气候因子是潜在蒸散量。