PVY侵染后烟草营养成分的变化及其对介体烟蚜生长发育的影响

【目的】明确马铃薯Y病毒(potato virus Y, PVY)侵染后诱导的烟草营养成分的变化及其对烟蚜Myzus persicae生命特性的影响,旨在进一步解析PVY-烟草-烟蚜三者间的互作机制。【方法】通过蒽酮比色法和氨基酸自动分析仪测定了PVY不同侵染时期烟株体内的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量的变化;测定和比较了感病与健康烟草植株上烟蚜种群生长发育、成虫寿命、繁殖力和有翅蚜产生量的差异性。【结果】PVY侵染前、中、后期(分别为侵染后5, 12和20 d)的烟草叶片中游离氨基酸的总量均显著高于健康烟草叶片。相较于健康烟草叶片,在PVY侵染前期的烟草叶片中,谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸的含量显著增加;PVY侵染中期,感病叶片中丝氨酸含量显著下降,谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸含量显著提高;PVY侵染后期,感病叶片中甘氨酸含量显著下降,谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸含量显著提高。在PVY侵染的前期和中期,感病叶片中的可溶性糖含量显著高于健康烟叶,而在侵染后期感病叶片...     

A baseline epidemiological study of the co-infection of enteric protozoans with human immunodeficiency virus among men who have sex with men from Northeast China

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and enteric parasite co-infection not only aggravates the clinical symptoms of parasites but also accelerates acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. However, co-infection research on men who have sex with men (MSM), the predominant high-risk population of HIV/AIDS in China, is still limited. In this study, we investigated the epidemiology of enteric parasites, risk factors, and associations with clinical significance in an MSM HIV/AIDS population in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China.MethodsWe recruited 308 MSMs HIV/AIDS patients and 199 HIV-negative individuals in two designated AIDS hospitals in Heilongjiang between April 2016 and July 2017. Fresh stool samples were collected. DNA extraction, molecular identification, and genotyping of Cryptosporidium species, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis hominis were performed. Fourteen diarrhea-related pathogens were examined to exclude the influence of other bacterial pathogens on diarrhea incidence.Results31.5% of MSM HIV/AIDS participants were infected with at least one parasite species, a significantly higher proportion than that found in the HIV-negative individuals (2.5%). E. bieneusi presented the highest prevalence, followed by B. hominis, E. histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., and C. cayetanensis. Warm seasons were the risk factor for parasitic infections in this population [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.47–4.57]. In addition, these individuals showed a higher proportion (35.8%) of present diarrhea (PD) compared with men who have sex with women (MSW) with HIV/AIDS (16.7%). The infection proportions of both Cryptosporidium spp. and E. histolytica were significantly higher in the PD. E. bieneusi infection was more prevalent in the historic diarrhea (HD) group. CD4⁺ T cell counts in the MSM patients with the above three parasites were significantly lower. New species and genotypes were found, and MSM patients had a wider range of species or genotypes.ConclusionsEnteric parasitic infection was prevalent in the MSM HIV/AIDS population, especially in patients with present diarrhea during warm seasons. E. histolytica and B. hominis should also be considered high-risk parasites for opportunistic infections in AIDS patients in addition to Cryptosporidium spp.     

中国野生动物调查存在的问题与改进建议

一百余年前,人类就开始了相对系统的野生动物调查。目前已经建立了成熟的方法体系,并制定了相应的调查规范。最近几十年来,我国科研人员进行了大量的野生动物调查。但是,当前我国的野外调查规范还不够细致,调查者在调查时缺乏必要的约束,导致调查数据不规范、不可靠,很多重要信息缺失。突出问题有：样线信息不全,只有起点和终点的经纬度,没有自动记录的详细样线信息（如每秒记录一次的连续点位信息,含经纬度和时间）;动物位点信息缺乏可信度指标（如距观测者的距离）;调查时间不合理;调查地点的空间取样不均衡;记录的标准化不够（如每个观测点的观测时长不确定）等等。对此,我们参考国际通用的调查规范,提出了一些简单易行的调查要点,以便提高野外调查数据的质量。另外,我们提倡野外记录的无纸化,充分利用现有的手机应用软件（APP）和模型工具提高野外记录以及后期数据处理的效率。最后,我们提议建立固定的中国生物多样性监测样线体系,以便消除每年调查时空间取样的不确定性,更好地量化野生动物的时间动态,为野生动物的保护和管理提供依据。     

Ginsenoside Rh2 mitigates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting apoptotic and inflammatory damage and weakening pathological remodelling in breast cancer‐bearing mice

ObjectivesThere are presently a few viable ways to reduce cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (Dox). The combination of chemotherapy agents with natural compounds delivers greater efficacy and reduces adverse effects in recent researches for cancer treatment. Here, we examined the potential effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on a Dox‐based regimen in chemotherapy treatment.Materials and MethodsHuman breast tumour (MDA‐MB‐231) xenograft nude mice, human cardiac ventricle fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were employed in the present study. Histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot, antibody array, and RNA‐sequencing analyses were utilized to assess the protective effect of Rh2 on cardiotoxicity induced by Dox and the underlying mechanisms.ResultsRh2‐reduced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting the cardiac histopathological changes, apoptosis and necrosis, and consequent inflammation. Pathological remodelling was attenuated by reducing fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in hearts. RNA‐sequencing analysis showed that Dox treatment predominantly targets cell cycle and attachment of microtubules and boosted tumour necrosis, chemokine and interferon‐gamma production, response to cytokine and chemokine, and T cell activation, whereas Rh2 regulated these effects. Intriguingly, Rh2 also attenuated fibrosis via promoting senescence in myofibroblasts and reversing established myofibroblast differentiation in EndMT.ConclusionsRh2 regulates multiple pathways in the Dox‐provoked heart, proposing a potential candidate for cancer supplement and therapy‐associated cardiotoxicity.

Doxorubicin is extensively reported to induce severe cardiotoxicity in clinical applications. Our work proposed a natural herbal compound, ginsenoside Rh2, as a potential candidate for attenuating this side effect. Rh2 significantly inhibited cardiac apoptosis and necrosis, inflammation, and pathological remodelling in Dox‐challenged hearts.     

Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus are different genotypes of the same species of virus

Bocaviruses are associated with many human infectious diseases, such as respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis. Rats are known to be reservoirs of bocaviruses, including rodent bocavirus and rat bocavirus. Recently, ungulate bocaparvovirus 4, a known porcine bocavirus, has also been found in rats. Thus, investigating bocaviruses in rats is important for determining the origin of the viruses and preventing and controlling their transmission. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has investigated bocaviruses in the livers of rats. In this report, a total of 624 rats were trapped in southern China between 2014 and 2017. Liver and serum samples from rats were tested for the prevalence of bocaviruses using PCR. Sequences related to ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus were detected in both liver and serum samples. Interestingly, the prevalence of ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 (reference strain:KJ622366.1) was higher than that of rodent bocavirus (reference strain:KY927868.1) in both liver (2.24% and 0.64%, respectively) and serum samples (2.19% and 0.44%, respectively). The NS1 regions of ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus related sequences displayed over 84% and 88% identity at the nucleic acid and amino acid levels, respectively. Furthermore, these sequences had similar genomic structure, genomic features, and codon usage bias, and shared a common ancestor. These viruses also displayed greater adaptability to rats than pigs. Our results suggested that ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus may originate from rats and may be different genotypes of the same bocavirus species.     

Efficient assembly of a large fragment of monkeypox virus genome as a qPCR template using dual-selection based transformation-associated recombination

Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) has been widely used to assemble large DNA constructs. One of the significant obstacles hindering assembly efficiency is the presence of error-prone DNA repair pathways in yeast, which results in vector backbone recircularization or illegitimate recombination products. To increase TAR assembly efficiency, we prepared a dual-selective TAR vector, pGFCS, by adding a P_ADH1-URA3 cassette to a previously described yeast-bacteria shuttle vector, pGF, harboring a P_HIS3-HIS3 cassette as a positive selection marker. This new cassette works as a negative selection marker to ensure that yeast harboring a recircularized vector cannot propagate in the presence of 5-fluoroorotic acid. To prevent pGFCS bearing ura3 from recombining with endogenous ura3-52 in the yeast genome, a highly transformable Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, VL6-48B, was prepared by chromosomal substitution of ura3-52 with a transgene conferring resistance to blasticidin. A 55-kb genomic fragment of monkeypox virus encompassing primary detection targets for quantitative PCR was assembled by TAR using pGFCS in VL6-48B. The pGFCS-mediated TAR assembly showed a zero rate of vector recircularization and an average correct assembly yield of 79% indicating that the dual-selection strategy provides an efficient approach to optimizing TAR assembly.     

高通量测序探究啮食聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料黄粉虫的肠道菌群结构

【目的】塑料废物处理是世界环境难题,近期有研究报道黄粉虫可啮食聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料,肠道细菌可能在黄粉虫生物降解塑料的过程中起重要作用。本文以啮食聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的黄粉虫幼虫(Tenebrio molitor)为材料,探究其肠道细菌的多样性和细菌群落组成。【方法】分别以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(聚苯乙烯组)和纸片(对照组)为唯一食物来源喂养黄粉虫幼虫,在90 d后采集粪便样品,对16S r RNA基因V3-V4区进行PCR扩增和高通量测序,并以PICRUSt进行肠道菌群的功能预测。【结果】饲喂期间,两组黄粉虫均正常存活,部分幼虫完成变态发育。泡沫塑料有明显的减重。样本测序共得到144 258条有效序列,179个OTU,共涉及10个门111个属。其中,聚苯乙烯组黄粉虫的肠道细菌在属水平高丰度的是Alcaligenes(35.9%)、Brevundimonas(12.3%)、Myroides(10.3%)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的功能预测表明,在聚苯乙烯组中,芳香类化合物的降解基因被明显富集。【结论】高通量测序揭示了啮食聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的黄粉虫肠道菌群的多样性,这对从黄粉虫肠道中分离高效降解聚苯乙烯的细菌具有指导意义。     

EV71灭活疫苗（人二倍体细胞）在恒河猴婴猴模型中的免疫保护性分析

肠道病毒71型作为引起儿童群体常见传染性手足口病（HFMD）的主要病原,具有导致少量感染个体出现脑炎等神经系统病变以及相关心肺功能衰竭的病理学特性．因此其预防性疫苗的研发具有重要的公共卫生意义．在前期工作的基础上,一种EV71灭活病毒疫苗（人二倍体细胞）在本研究中基于恒河猴婴猴模型进行了相应的免疫保护性分析．以160EU剂量对2～3月龄婴猴进行0,4周免疫后,动物在第4周接受了剂量为10。～CCID50的病毒经呼吸道的攻击．对病毒攻击后动物在14天内的临床症状、血液生物学、器官病原学分布以及病理学检测的动态观察表明,经疫苗免疫的动物未出现对照动物所具有的特征性临床表现,其血液生物学及病理学检测均无异常．同时,器官病原学分布亦呈阴性．结合动物中和抗体的明确增长及对照动物的综合表现分析,本文的工作证实了该EV71灭活病毒疫苗（人二倍体细胞）在恒河猴婴猴体内的免疫保护性．