Taxonomy and phylogeny of Ceriporia (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) with an emphasis of Chinese collections

Ceriporia accommodates a kind of wood-inhabiting polypores producing resupinate basidiocarps and causing a white rot. More than 30 species of this genus have been described; however, only a few species were referred to molecular phylogeny. In this study, a total of 203 specimens of Ceriporia were studied morphologically, and the ITS and/or nLSU regions from 42 samples, representing 18 species, were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, three new species of Ceriporia, C. bubalinomarginata, C. pseudocystidiata and C. variegata, are described and illustrated. An annotated identification key is provided for all 20 species of this genus thus far known in China. Our phylogeny shows that (1) Ceriporia is not monophyletic, (2) C. spissa and C. viridans as morphologically circumscribed are polyphyletic, (3) C. inflata is retained for both C. inflata and C. jiangxiensis, and (4) presence or absence of hymenial cystidia is not a useful character in delimiting species relationships in Ceriporia.     

α-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Vitamin E has long been identified as a major lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant in mammals. α-Tocopherol is a vitamin E component and the major form in the human body. We propose that, besides its direct chain-breaking antioxidant activity, α-tocopherol may exert an indirect antioxidant activity by enhancing the cell's antioxidant system as a Phase II enzyme inducer. We investigated α-tocopherol's inducing effect on Phase II enzymes and its protective effect on acrolein-induced toxicity in a human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line, ARPE-19. Acrolein, a major component of cigarette smoke and also a product of lipid peroxidation, at 75 μmol/L over 24 h, caused significant loss of ARPE-19 cell viability, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, inactivation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, and mitochondrial dysfunction. ARPE-19 cells have been used as a model of smoking- and age-related macular degeneration. Pretreatment with α-tocopherol activated the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway by increasing Nrf2 expression and inducing its translocation to the nucleus. Consequently, the expression and/or activity of the following Phase II enzymes increased: glutamate cysteine ligase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme-oxygenase 1, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase; total antioxidant capacity and glutathione also increased. This antioxidant defense enhancement protected ARPE-19 cells from an acrolein-induced decrease in cell viability, lowered reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation levels, and improved mitochondrial function. These results suggest that α-tocopherol protects ARPE-19 cells from acrolein-induced cellular toxicity, not only as a chain-breaking antioxidant, but also as a Phase II enzyme inducer.     

外泌体在病毒感染诊断和治疗中的作用研究 *

外泌体是多泡体与细胞质膜融合后释放的细胞外囊泡.它们携带有源自分泌细胞的功能性蛋白质,脂质和核酸,能够介导细胞间通信,并在生物体的致病过程中发挥重要作用.当前,对外泌体在病毒感染中的作用机制研究,以及外泌体作为病毒感染诊断和治疗的潜在标志物研究仍处于初级阶段.首先阐述了外泌体的组成和生物学发生机制;然后重点阐述了外泌体在病毒感染中的作用机制,尤其是其在免疫调节中的作用;最后探讨了外泌体作为病毒感染诊断和治疗的潜在标志物的可能性及其应用前景.     

全球冠状病毒疫苗专利分析

冠状病毒是一类可感染人类和动物的RNA病毒,可引起严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)和中东呼吸综合征(MERS)等严重疾病。新型冠状病毒是以前从未在人体中发现的冠状病毒新毒株,其人际传播迅速,引起了各国政府的高度重视并积极寻求疫苗防控对策。基于冠状病毒疫苗领域全景专利,在综合对比分析该领域的全部专利的发展趋势、主要国家和主要机构的专利产出的同时,重点揭示了其中的人用相关疫苗的发展与分布情况以及重点分析了人用疫苗产品的研发现状,以期为我国冠状病毒疫苗领域的科研工作者和管理决策者提供参考数据。     

栽培条件对灵芝子实体中四种重金属含量的影响

以不同灵芝品种、不同栽培基质、不同栽培方式、不同生长时期获得的菌草灵芝和木屑灵芝为原料,对栽培基质及灵芝子实体中铅、砷、汞、镉4种重金属的含量参照国际标准进行检测,结果表明虽然菌草栽培基质中重金属含量高于木屑栽培基质,但菌草灵芝对重金属富集率远低于木屑灵芝,成熟期的菌草灵芝与木屑灵芝中的重金属含量均低于农业行业标准和国家标准。因此菌草可以替代木屑用作灵芝栽培的营养来源。     

栽培条件对灵芝子实体的三萜组成及其活性的影响

以不同灵芝品种、不同栽培基质、不同管理方式、不同生长时期获得的灵芝子实体为原料,用95%乙醇超声提取,对提取物进行了含量测定、三萜组成分析和体外抗肿瘤实验。结果表明,不同子实体醇提物中三萜和甾醇类物质的含量在4.60-6.20mg/g之间;高效液相分析发现10种三萜化合物的种类和含量在样品间存在明显差异。所有灵芝子实体醇提物对肿瘤细胞L1210的增殖均有一定的抑制作用,开伞期的灵芝子实体醇提物抑制肿瘤增殖的活性优于其他生长时期。