Insulin-sensitive myelin basic protein phosphorylation on tyrosine residues.

Rat brain plasma membranes were solubilized in detergent and a glycoprotein-enriched fraction was obtained by lectin affinity chromatography. This glycoprotein fraction contained insulin receptors, as well as protein kinases capable of phosphorylating some exogenously added substrates such as MAP2 (microtubule associated protein 2) and MBP (myelin basic protein), but not ribosomal protein S6. Phosphoamino acid analysis of MAP2 and MBP showed that phosphotyrosine residues, as well as phosphoserine/phosphotheronine residues, were present in both proteins under basal conditions. Whereas the addition of insulin to the rat brain membrane glycoprotein fraction in vitro had no effect on MAP2 phosphorylation, MBP phosphorylation was stimulated 2.7-fold in response to insulin. This phenomenon was dose-dependent, with half-maximal stimulation of MBP phosphorylation observed with 2 nM insulin. Phosphoamino acid analysis of MBP indicated that insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues nearly three-fold, whereas the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues was not increased. These results identify MBP as a substrate for the rat brain insulin receptor tyrosine-specific protein kinase in vitro.     

An endonuclease activity in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils that removes 8-hydroxyguanine residues from DNA+

An endonuclease that specifically removes 8-hydroxyguanine (oh8Gua) from DNA has been isolated from Escherichia coli. As the amount of oh8Gua produced in DNA of X-ray-irradiated mice is known to decrease with time after irradiation, an attempt was made to find a similar activity in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) using a synthetic dsDNA containing oh8Gua as a substrate. The PMN enzyme was isolated free of other DNases, and found to cleave the substrate DNA simultaneously at 2 sites, the phosphodiester bonds 5' and 3' to oh8Gua, producing free hydroxyl and phosphate groups, respectively. The enzyme showed almost no activity on DNAs containing other kinds of modified base tested or mismatched DNA. Thus human cells also contain an endonuclease that specifically removes oh8Gua residues from DNA.     

Microcarrier culture of bowes melanoma cells in serum-free medium with Human plasma fraction IV-4+ V

Bowes melanoma cells were cultivated successfully in a serum-free medium which was constructed by the concept of maximum retention of proteins from fractionated human plasma having growth stimulatory activities. The cells could be cultivated in the serum-free medium without any adaptation period. The major serum-free component of the medium was the fraction IV-4 + V of the Cohn fractionation process of human plasma. Approximately six times increase of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity as compared with that in serum-free medium even though the cell growth was much slower. In addition, the growth stimulatory activities of thrombin and fibronectin were investigated during the cultivation of Bowes melanoma cells in this serum-free medium. These proteins contributed significantly to the enhanced growth of cells by reducing doubling time to 25 and 35 h as compared with 55 h in the serum-free medium without them. Especially, fibronectin supported cells to propagate near to the maximum cell density achieved in the medium with 10% FBS.     

Effects of periodic backflushing on ultrafiltration performance.

Periodic backflushing was introduced to a membrane separation process to improve the performance. Hemoglobin (M.W. = 62,500) and dextran (M.W. = 10,000) were used as model compounds. Filtration performance of an ultrafiltration membrane system (Amicon hollow fiber membrane, H1P30-43, molecular weight cutoff = 30,000) was measured in terms of apparent permeability and retention coefficient of dextran to determine the effects of backflushing frequency and duration of one cycle. An optimum frequency around 0.2 min-1 existed to give a maximum permeability while the retention of dextran decreased with increasing frequencies. The improvement in permeability by periodic backflush was more than doubled. The retention of dextran decreased as backflushing duration was increased in one cycle. With the duration of 33.75 s, the retention of dextran was less than 50% and dextran output was 1.14 g/h, which was 1.3 times the value without backflushing. Also, periodic backflush made possible the long-term filtration of yeast cells for more than 20 h.     

Identification of new urinary metabolites of trimeprazine in rats by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry

The metabolites of trimeprazine were identified in urine of rats by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. After the oral administration of trimeprazine, the urinary metabolites were extracted with diethyl ether before or after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The identified metabolites were N-demethyltrimeprazine, 3-hydroxytrimeprazine, N-demethyl-3-hydroxytrimeprazine and trimeprazine sulphoxide.     

Molecular cloning of cDNAs derived from a novel human intestinal mucin gene

A human small intestinal lambda gt11 cDNA library was screened with antibodies to deglycosylated small intestinal mucin. Four partial cDNA clones were isolated that define a novel human mucin gene. These include two partial cDNA clones, SIB 124 and SIB 139, that contain 51 nucleotide tandem repeats which encode a seventeen amino acid repetitive peptide with a consensus sequence of HSTPSFTSSITTTETTS. SIB 139 hybridized to messages produced by small intestine, colon, colonic tumors and also by high mucin variant LS174T colon cancer cells. The gene from which cDNAs SIB 124 and SIB 139 are derived (proposed name MUC 3) maps to chromosome 7, distinct from other known human mucin genes.     

Comparison of the DNA-alkylating properties and mutagenic responses of a series of S-(2-haloethyl)-substituted cysteine and glutathione derivatives

The mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane is highly dependent upon its conjugation to glutathione by the enzyme glutathione S-transferase. The conjugates thus formed can react with DNA and yield almost exclusively N7-guanyl adducts. We have synthesized the S-haloethyl conjugates of cysteine and glutathione, as well as selected methyl ester and N-acetyl derivatives, and compared them for ability to produce N7-guanyl adducts with calf thymus DNA. The cysteine compounds were found to be more reactive toward calf thymus DNA and yielded higher adduct levels than did the glutathione compounds. Adduct levels tended to be suppressed when there was a net charge on the compound and were not affected by substitution of bromine for chlorine, as expected for a mechanism known to involve an intermediate episulfonium ion. Sequence-selective alkylation of fragments of pBR322 DNA was investigated. The compounds produced qualitatively similar patterns of alkylation, with higher levels of alkylation at runs of guanines. The compounds were also tested for their ability to act as direct mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. None of the compounds caused mutations in the TA98 frameshift mutagenesis assay. In the strain TA100, where mutation of a specific guanine by base-pair substitution produces reversion, all compounds were found to produce mutations, but the levels of mutagenicity did not correlate at all with the levels of DNA alkylation. The ratio of mutations to adducts varied at least 14-fold among the various N7-guanyl adducts examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Isolation of a terminal cisterna protein which may link the dihydropyridine receptor to the junctional foot protein in skeletal muscle

The isolated dihydropyridine receptor and junctional foot protein were employed as protein ligands in overlay experiments to investigate the mode of interaction of these two proteins. As previously demonstrated by Brandt et al. [Brandt et al. (1990) J. Membr. Biol. 113, 237-251], the DHP receptor directly binds to an intrinsic terminal cisterna protein of Mr 95,000 (95-kDa protein). The junctional foot protein also binds to an Mr 95,000 protein showing similar organelle distribution to the 95-kDa protein which binds to the dihydropyridine receptor. The 95-kDa protein which binds to the dihydropyridine receptor was isolated to over 85% purity employing sequential column chromatography. Junctional foot protein and dihydropyridine receptor overlays of the column fractions at successive stages of isolation show an identical pattern of distribution, indicating that both probes bind to the same protein. When CHAPS-solubilized terminal cisterna/triads were passed through Sepharose with attached 95-kDa protein, the junctional foot protein was specifically retained, as evidenced by ryanodine binding. The junctional foot protein was incompletely released by 1 M NaCl. The alpha 1 subunit but not the beta subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor was also specifically retained, as evidenced by immunoblotting employing dihydropyridine receptor subunit-specific antibodies. A 170-kDa Stains-all blue staining protein, which appears to be bound to the luminal side of the terminal cisterna, was also retained on the 95-kDa protein column. From these findings, a model for the triad junction is proposed.     

Enhanced shikonin production from Lithospermum erythrorhizon by in situ extraction and calcium alginate immobilization

Plant cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon were carried out to produce shikonin by in situ extraction and cell immobilization in calcium alginate bead in shake flask cultures. In situ product extraction and cell immobilization enhanced shikonin production and facilitated product recovery. In situ extraction by n-hexadecane and cell immobilization by calcium alginate gave higher specific shikonin productivities of 7.4 and 2.5 times, respectively, than those from the cultures of free cells without extraction. Simultaneous use of both techniques increased specific and volumetric productivities of shikonin 25- and 15-fold, respectively. In calcium alginate immobilized cell cultures, n-hexadecane addition at an early stage (before 15 days) was effective for shikonin production, and solvent addition after 15 days of the culture significantly reduced shikonin production. Higher numbers of plant cell immobilized bead inoculation did not increase shikonin production and sucrose consumption. Most of the produced shikonin was dissolved in the solvent layer.     

Glucose oxidase as the antifungal principle of talaron from Talaromyces flavus

Analysis of an authentic sample of the antifungal antibiotic talaron from the biocontrol fungus Talaromyces flavus indicated that approximately 40% of the solid sample was glucose oxidase. High-performance liquid chromatography elution profiles of the antimicrobial activity of talaron coeluted with those of glucose oxidase. Fluorescence emission and excitation wavelength maxima for talaron were similar to those of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The molecular weight of talaron was 152,000 with a subunit molecular weight of 71,000. The isoelectric point of talaron was pH 4.2. Mobilities of talaron on native, sodium dodecylsulfate, and isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels were identical with those of glucose oxidase produced by T. flavus. Furthermore, talaron had antimicrobial activity only in the presence of glucose. Hydrogen peroxide produced by the action of glucose oxidase is toxic to Verticillium dahliae. This study indicates that the antifungal activity of authentic talaron resulted from glucose oxidase produced by T. flavus.