Phytochrome control of oscillating levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in Hordeum vulgare shoots

Five-day-old etiolated barley shoots respond to brief illumination with red light by increasing their level of PAL ca 50% within 5 hr. When assayed s     

Environmental stability affects phenotypic evolution in a globally distributed marine picoplankton

Marine phytoplankton can evolve rapidly when confronted with aspects of climate change because of their large population sizes and fast generation times. Despite this, the importance of environment fluctuations, a key feature of climate change, has received little attention—selection experiments with marine phytoplankton are usually carried out in stable environments and use single or few representatives of a species, genus or functional group. Here we investigate whether and by how much environmental fluctuations contribute to changes in ecologically important phytoplankton traits such as C:N ratios and cell size, and test the variability of changes in these traits within the globally distributed species Ostreococcus. We have evolved 16 physiologically distinct lineages of Ostreococcus at stable high CO₂ (1031±87 μatm CO₂, SH) and fluctuating high CO₂ (1012±244 μatm CO₂, FH) for 400 generations. We find that although both fluctuation and high CO₂ drive evolution, FH-evolved lineages are smaller, have reduced C:N ratios and respond more strongly to further increases in CO₂ than do SH-evolved lineages. This indicates that environmental fluctuations are an important factor to consider when predicting how the characteristics of future phytoplankton populations will have an impact on biogeochemical cycles and higher trophic levels in marine food webs.     

Effect of training on the rating of perceived exertion at the ventilatory threshold

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of training on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at the ventilatory threshold. College students were assigned to either training (n = 17) or control (n = 10) groups. Trainers completed 18 interval training sessions (five X 5 min cycling at 90-100% VO2max) and 8 continuous training sessions (40 min running or cycling) in 6 weeks. Pre- and post-training, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual variables were measured at the ventilatory threshold during graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Ventilatory threshold was that point above which VE X VO2-1 increased abruptly relative to work rate. Post-training means of trained and control subjects were compared using analysis of covariance, with pre-training values as covariates. Following training, the adjusted means for the trained subjects were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than for controls for VO2max (6%), and for work rate (20%), VO2 (23%), and %VO2max (13%) at the ventilatory threshold. However, adjusted means for RPE at the ventilatory threshold were not significantly different (2%). Both before and after training, exercise at the ventilatory threshold was perceived as 'somewhat hard' to 'hard' (RPE = 13-15) by both groups. The relationship between RPE and %VO2max was altered by training, with trained subjects having a lower RPE at a given %VO2max. It is concluded that RPE at the ventilatory threshold is not affected by training, despite that after training the ventilatory threshold occurs at a higher work rate and is associated with higher absolute and relative metabolic and cardiorespiratory demands.     

Functional equivalence of the uridine turn and the hairpin as building blocks of tertiary structure in the Neurospora VS ribozyme.

Mutational, kinetic, and chemical modification experiments show that one of the three-way helical junctions in the Neurospora VS ribozyme contains a uridine turn that is important for organizing the functional three-dimensional structure of this junction. Disruption of the uridine turn disrupts the structure of the junction and decreases the self-cleavage activity of the ribozyme; however, substitution of the uridine turn with a variety of different hairpins, thereby transforming the three-way junction into a four-way junction, maintains catalytic activity. Chemical modification structure probing reveals that both the native junction and the hairpin-containing junction support the same tertiary interactions required elsewhere in the ribozyme for catalysis. These observations show that functionally equivalent three-dimensional RNA structures can be built from different secondary structure elements.     

Subcellular Localization of Enzymes of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Nodules of Medicago sativa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Vernal) nodules were separatedinto host plant fractions and fractions of rhizobial originby differential centrifugation and sedimentation equilibriumcentrifugation. Both NAD- and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase(70%, 90%) and glutamate dehydrogenase activities (90%, 83%)were located primarily (percent total nodule activity) in thefractions of plant origin and their specific activities werehighest in the fractions of plant origin. More than 50% of thenodules' total activity of both glutamine synthetase and NAD-glutamatesynthase and greater than 90% of the total glutamate oxaloacetatetransaminase activity was located in plant fractions. However,the fractions of rhizobial origin had the highest specific activitiesof glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. (Received September 5, 1981; Accepted December 7, 1981)     

Use of genetic analysis to test the potential role of serotonin in alcohol preference.

The hypothesis that alcohol preference in mice is influenced by brain serotonin levels was tested using genetic analysis. Alcohol preference and static serotonin content were assessed in C57BL/Ibg (alcohol-preferring) and DBA/2 (alcohol-avoiding) mice, as well as in Fl and F2 generations obtained by crossbreeding. The two parental strains showed dissimilar alcohol preferences but identical concentrations of brain serotonin. Serotonin concentration segregated independently of alcohol preference in the F1 and F2 generations. These data provides strong evidence against the hypothesis that brain serotonin content influences alcohol preference. However, they do not preclude the possibility that differential alcohol influences on serotonin metabolism or turnover rate may result in differing preference for a alcohol.