Global Population Genetic Structure of Caenorhabditis remanei Reveals Incipient Speciation

Mating system transitions dramatically alter the evolutionary trajectories of genomes that can be revealed by contrasts of species with disparate modes of reproduction. For such transitions in Caenorhabditis nematodes, some major causes of genome variation in selfing species have been discerned. And yet, we have only limited understanding of species-wide population genetic processes for their outcrossing relatives, which represent the reproductive state of the progenitors of selfing species. Multilocus-multipopulation sequence polymorphism data provide a powerful means to uncover the historical demography and evolutionary processes that shape genomes. Here we survey nucleotide polymorphism across the X chromosome for three populations of the outcrossing nematode Caenorhabditis remanei and demonstrate its divergence from a fourth population describing a closely related new species from China, C. sp. 23. We find high genetic variation globally and within each local population sample. Despite geographic barriers and moderate genetic differentiation between Europe and North America, considerable gene flow connects C. remanei populations. We discovered C. sp. 23 while investigating C. remanei, observing strong genetic differentiation characteristic of reproductive isolation that was confirmed by substantial F(2) hybrid breakdown in interspecific crosses. That C. sp. 23 represents a distinct biological species provides a cautionary example of how standard practice can fail for mating tests of species identity in this group. This species pair permits full application of divergence population genetic methods to obligately outcrossing species of Caenorhabditis and also presents a new focus for interrogation of the genetics and evolution of speciation with the Caenorhabditis model system.     

Characterization of the direct physical interaction of nc886, a cellular non-coding RNA, and PKR

We have recently shown that nc886 (pre-miR-886 or vtRNA2-1) is not a genuine microRNA precursor nor a vault RNA, but a novel type of non-coding RNA that represses PKR, a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) dependent kinase. Here we have characterized their direct physical association. PKR’s two RNA binding domains form a specific and stable complex with nc886’s central portion, without any preference to its 5′-end structure. By binding to PKR with a comparable affinity, nc886 competes with dsRNA and attenuates PKR activation by dsRNA. Our data suggest that nc886 sets a threshold for PKR activation so that it occurs only during genuine viral infection but not by a minute level of fortuitous cellular dsRNA.     

甜菜夜蛾虫酰肼抗性品系选育及相对适合度研究

本试验在室内对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)武汉敏感品系进行了8代群体汰选后分别于9、10、12代采用了单对汰选。结果表明虫酰肼处理后各单对品系后代幼虫存活率发生明显分离,F9(s1)、F10(s2)和F12(s3)代幼虫平均存活率分别为48.34%、11.72%和2.37%,筛选后分别为84.00%、83.33%和7.29%。经过12代汰选后,汰选品系抗性倍数为敏感品系的5.24倍,且单对汰选世代对虫酰肼的抗性发展较快,其抗性倍数分别是群体汰选的1.27、1.67和1.38倍。比较单对汰选世代与群体汰选世代某些生物学特性,显示单对汰选世代并不存在生长发育和生殖不利性,表明在虫酰肼群体汰选中穿插几代单对汰选可以加速抗性品系的选育。汰选品系相对于敏感品系具有0.31的适合度,表明甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼产生抗性后存在适合度缺陷。     

O-GlcNAcase is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of genomic stability

Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc modification catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) contributes to the etiology of chronic diseases of aging, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Here we found that natural aging in wild-type mice was marked by a decrease in OGA and OGT protein levels and an increase in O-GlcNAcylation in various tissues. Genetic disruption of OGA resulted in constitutively elevated O-GlcNAcylation in embryos and led to neonatal lethality with developmental delay. Importantly, we observed that serum-stimulated cell cycle entry induced increased O-GlcNAcylation and decreased its level after release from G2/M arrest, indicating that O-GlcNAc cycling by OGT and OGA is required for precise cell cycle control. Constitutively, elevated O-GlcNAcylation by OGA disruption impaired cell proliferation and resulted in mitotic defects with downregulation of mitotic regulators. OGA loss led to mitotic defects including cytokinesis failure and binucleation, increased lagging chromosomes, and micronuclei formation. These findings suggest an important role for O-GlcNAc cycling by OGA in embryonic development and the regulation of the maintenance of genomic stability linked to the aging process.     

The relationship of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with circulatory IFN-α levels and IL-7 receptor α expression on CD8+ T cells in human aging

The IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) is the high affinity receptor for IL-7 which is essential for T cell homeostasis. We recently reported an age-associated expansion of human effector memory (EM) CD8(+) T cells expressing IL-7Rα low (IL-7Rα(low)), which could be detrimental to hosts by occupying "immunological space". We investigated the potential mechanisms for this phenomenon, focusing on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and INF-α. In the elderly (age ≥ 65), CMV infection was associated with a decreased frequency of na?ve CD8(+) T cells as well as with an increased frequency of total EM and IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells. However, in the young (age ≤ 40), this viral infection was associated only with an increased frequency of IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells. There was no association found between CMV immune status and plasma levels of IFN-α. In CMV-infected young and elderly people, INF-α levels had no correlation with the frequency of IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells although this cytokine levels correlated with the frequency of IL-7Rα(low) CD45RA(+) EM CD8(+) T cells in CMV-uninfected elderly people. Our findings suggest that the effect of CMV infection on the frequency of CD8(+) T cell subsets may begin with IL-7Rα(low) EM CD8(+) T cells and spread to other subsets with aging. Also, IFN-α could be associated with the expansion of IL-7Rα(low) CD45RA(+) EM CD8(+) T cells in the CMV-uninfected elderly.     

Apoptosis by aloe-emodin is mediated through down-regulation of calpain-2 and ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A in human hepatoma Huh-7 cells

Natural flavonoids are associated with anti-proliferation of cancer growth. However, the antioxidant and anti-proliferation effects of AE (aloe-emodin) have not been well studied. We have investigated how AE affects the proliferation of hepatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells and exerts an anti-cancer effect. The cytotoxic effect of AE was demonstrated using an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay and Huh-7 cells were inhibited by AE treatment in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The IC(50) level of AE was ～75 μM. AE also has anti-proliferative effects via induction of DNA damage and apoptosis. 2-DE (two-dimensional electrophoresis) revealed that several proteins were related to the anti-cancer effects of AE. CAPN2 (calpain-2) and UBE3A (ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A), which are associated with the apoptosis signalling pathway, were verified by Western blotting. AE exhibited potent anti-proliferative effects on Huh-7 cells via down-regulation of CAPN2 and UBE3A. The findings support the possibility of AE being a chemopreventative agent.     

EGFR and MET receptor tyrosine kinase-altered microRNA expression induces tumorigenesis and gefitinib resistance in lung cancers

The involvement of the MET oncogene in de novo and acquired resistance of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has previously been reported, but the precise mechanism by which MET overexpression contributes to TKI-resistant NSCLC remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate gene expression, and their dysregulation has been implicated in tumorigenesis. To understand their role in TKI-resistant NSCLCs, we examined changes in miRNA that are mediated by tyrosine kinase receptors. Here we report that miR-30b, miR-30c, miR-221 and miR-222 are modulated by both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and MET receptors, whereas miR-103 and miR-203 are controlled only by MET. We showed that these miRNAs have important roles in gefitinib-induced apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the expression of the genes encoding BCL2-like 11 (BIM), apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF-1), protein kinase C ? (PKC-?) and sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (SRC). These findings suggest that modulation of specific miRNAs may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of NSCLCs.