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21.
Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T-cell activity is detectable from birth in the majority of in utero-infected infants 下载免费PDF全文
Thobakgale CF Ramduth D Reddy S Mkhwanazi N de Pierres C Moodley E Mphatswe W Blanckenberg N Cengimbo A Prendergast A Tudor-Williams G Dong K Jeena P Kindra G Bobat R Coovadia H Kiepiela P Walker BD Goulder PJ 《Journal of virology》2007,81(23):12775-12784
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected infants in sub-Saharan Africa typically progress to AIDS or death by 2 years of life in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. This rapid progression to HIV disease has been related to immaturity of the adaptive immune response in infants. We screened 740 infants born to HIV-infected mothers and tracked development and specificity of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in 63 HIV-infected infants identified using gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays and intracellular cytokine staining. Forty-four in utero-infected and 19 intrapartum-infected infants were compared to 45 chronically infected children >2 years of age. Seventy percent (14 of 20) in utero-infected infants tested within the first week of life demonstrated HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Gag, Pol, and Nef were the principally targeted regions in chronic pediatric infection. However, Env dominated the overall response in one-third (12/36) of the acutely infected infants, compared to only 2/45 (4%) of chronically infected children (P = 0.00083). Gag-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were minimal to undetectable in the first 6 months of pediatric infection. These data indicate that failure to control HIV replication in in utero-infected infants is not due to an inability to induce responses but instead suggest secondary failure of adaptive immunity in containing this infection. Moreover, the detection of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the first days of life in most in utero-infected infants is encouraging for HIV vaccine interventions in infants. 相似文献
22.
23.
The Synergistic Effect of Cation and Anion of an Ionic Liquid Additive for Lithium Metal Anodes 下载免费PDF全文
Lithium metal anodes are steadily gaining more attention, as their superior specific capacities and low redox voltage can significantly increase the energy density of rechargeable batteries far beyond those of current Li‐ion batteries. Nonetheless, the relevant technology is still in a premature research stage mainly due to the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrites that ceaselessly cause unwanted side reactions with electrolyte. In order to circumvent this shortcoming, herein, an ionic liquid additive, namely, 1‐dodecyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium (Pyr1(12)+) bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI?), for conventional electrolyte solutions is reported. The Pyr1(12)+ cation with a long aliphatic chain mitigates dendrite growth via the combined effects of electrostatic shielding and lithiophobicity, whereas the FSI? anion can induce the formation of rigid solid–electrolyte interphase layers. The synergy between the cation and anion significantly improves cycling performance in asymmetric and symmetric control cells and a full cell paired with an LiFePO4 cathode. The present study provides a useful insight into the molecular engineering of electrolyte components by manipulating the charge and structures of the involved molecules. 相似文献
24.
Sun-Kee?HongEmail author In-Ju?Song Byungseol?Byun Sanglim?Yoo Nobukazu?Nakagoshi 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2005,1(2):101-112
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current status and method of biotope mapping for practical use for landscape planning and environmental policy in urban ecosystem in Korea. We examine current ecological mapping of Seoul, Seongnam, Daegu, and Yongin. Ecological mapping is examined closely in terms of investigation methodology, investigation subject, classification of urban landscape, and the present condition of application. Biotope mapping in Seoul and Seongnam were carried out by the city governments concerned with the pre-set budgets earmarked for mapping. In order to promote the utilization of biotope maps for city planning in Korea, the following actions should be considered. First, the survey method should be standardized by introducing a uniform standard with respect to the scope of survey, the quality of primary data used, the survey method, and the level of the survey. Second, it is necessary to identify a basic category of biotope for each area by consolidating the outcome of the previous surveys. Third, it is highly desirable to minimize the differences between the evaluation criteria and the assessment factors. Fourth, it is ideal to apply the results of the biotope evaluation to city planning in an indirect manner through reflecting the results first in the landscape plans. In order to facilitate this alternative utilization, it is necessary to strengthen the control provisions contained in the ordinances of the city concerned or to enact a set of new provisions in the ordinances so that biotope mapping could be used more widely as a criterion for the spatial environmental impact assessment. 相似文献
25.
Caspase-11 is an inducible caspase involved in the regulation of cell death and inflammation. In the present study, we examined whether apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1)-mediated signaling pathway is involved in the expression of caspase-11 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that the induction of caspase-11 was suppressed by the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (Nox) or knockdown of Nox4 that acts downstream of toll-like receptor 4 and generates Ask1-activating reactive oxygen species. Overexpression of dominant negative tumor necrosis factor receptor associate factor 6 also suppressed the induction of caspase-11. Importantly, knockdown or dominant negative form of Ask1 suppressed the induction of caspase-11 following LPS stimulation. Taken together, our results show that Ask1 regulates the expression of caspase-11 following LPS stimulation. 相似文献
26.
Hassan Khalil Wenxian Nie Robert A Edwards James Yoo 《Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE》2013,(80)
The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages. 相似文献
27.
Yaxin Zhao Marta Vuckovic Hong Sik Yoo Nina Fox Adrienne Rodriguez Kyler McKessy Joseph L. Napoli 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2021,297(3)
The retinol dehydrogenase Rdh10 catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction that converts retinol into retinoic acid (RA), an autacoid that regulates energy balance and reduces adiposity. Skeletal muscle contributes to preventing adiposity, by consuming nearly half the energy of a typical human. We report sexually dimorphic differences in energy metabolism and muscle function in Rdh10+/− mice. Relative to wild-type (WT) controls, Rdh10+/− males fed a high-fat diet decrease reliance on fatty-acid oxidation and experience glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Running endurance decreases 40%. Rdh10+/− females fed this diet increase fatty acid oxidation and experience neither glucose intolerance nor insulin resistance. Running endurance increases 220%. We therefore assessed RA function in the mixed-fiber type gastrocnemius muscles (GM), which contribute to running, rather than standing, and are similar to human GM. RA levels in Rdh10+/− male GM decrease 38% relative to WT. Rdh10+/− male GM increase expression of Myog and reduce Eif6 mRNAs, which reduce and enhance running endurance, respectively. Cox5A, complex IV activity, and ATP decrease. Increased centralized nuclei reveal existence of muscle malady and/or repair in GM fibers. Comparatively, RA in Rdh10+/− female GM decreases by less than half the male decrease, from a more modest decrease in Rdh10 and an increase in the estrogen-induced retinol dehydrogenase Dhrs9. Myog mRNA decreases. Cox5A, complex IV activity, and ATP increase. Centralized GM nuclei do not increase. We conclude that Rdh10/RA affects whole body energy use and insulin resistance partially through sexual dimorphic effects on skeletal muscle gene expression, structure, and mitochondria activity. 相似文献
28.
Bo Yeon Kim Kwang Sik Lee Mi Ri Sohn Soo Dong Woo Sung Sik Yoo Yeon Ho Je Byung Rae Jin 《Journal of Asia》2012,15(1):114-120
The expression of viral antigens in baculovirus-infected insect cells is often ineffective. As an alternative approach, therefore, we developed the recombinant polyhedra technology, which is an efficient strategy for the production of viral subunit vaccine. Here, we report a strategy for the large-scale production of a pseudorabies virus (PRV) gB or gC in the larvae of a baculovirus-infected silkworm, Bombyx mori. We constructed a recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) that expressed recombinant polyhedra together with the epitope regions of PRV gB or heparin-binding domains of PRV gC. Recombinant BmNPV-PRV-gB or BmNPV-PRV-gC-infected silkworm larvae expressed native polyhedrin and fusion protein that was detected using both anti-polyhedrin and anti-PRV gB or anti-PRV-gC antibodies. Electron and confocal microscopy demonstrated that the recombinant polyhedra contained both the fusion protein and native polyhedrin with a normal morphology and that the recombinant polyhedra contained PRV gB or gC. The yield of gB or gC antigen produced in BmNPV-PRV-gB or BmNPV-PRV-gC-infected silkworm larvae reached 0.69 or 0.46 mg per larva, respectively, at 6 days post-infection. These results demonstrate that the recombinant polyhedra strategy can be used for the large-scale production of PRV gB or gC antigen. 相似文献
29.
Sangita Choudhury Soochan Bae Qingen Ke Ji Yoo Lee Sylvia S. Singh René St-Arnaud Federica del Monte Peter M. Kang 《PloS one》2014,9(9)
Aim
Altered vitamin D signaling is associated with cardiac dysfunction, but the pathogenic mechanism is not clearly understood. We examine the mechanism and the role of vitamin D signaling in the development of cardiac dysfunction.Methods and Results
We analyzed 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) knockout (1α-OHase−/−) mice, which lack 1α-OH enzymes that convert the inactive form to hormonally active form of vitamin D. 1α-OHase−/− mice showed modest cardiac hypertrophy at baseline. Induction of pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) demonstrated exaggerated cardiac dysfunction in 1α-OHase−/− mice compared to their WT littermates with a significant increase in fibrosis and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Analysis of calcium (Ca2+) transient demonstrated profound Ca2+ handling abnormalities in 1α-OHase−/− mouse cardiomyocytes (CMs), and treatment with paricalcitol (PC), an activated vitamin D3 analog, significantly attenuated defective Ca2+ handling in 1α-OHase−/− CMs. We further delineated the effect of vitamin D deficiency condition to TAC by first correcting the vitamin D deficiency in 1α-OHase−/− mice, followed then by either a daily maintenance dose of vitamin D or vehicle (to achieve vitamin D deficiency) at the time of sham or TAC. In mice treated with vitamin D, there was a significant attenuation of TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, inflammatory markers, Ca2+ handling abnormalities and cardiac function compared to the vehicle treated animals.Conclusions
Our results provide insight into the mechanism of cardiac dysfunction, which is associated with severely defective Ca2+ handling and defective vitamin D signaling in 1α-OHase−/− mice. 相似文献30.
Park SM Yan BC Park JH Choi JH Yoo KY Lee CH Baek YY Kim YM Kang IJ Won MH 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2012,32(3):423-434
Tetanus toxin (TeT), an exotoxin, has been studied to cause tetanus in mammalian brains, and it can block the release of some
neurotransmitters and affect seizure propagation. In the present study, we investigated neuronal damage/death and glial changes
in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administration (intraperitoneal injection) of TeT 10 and 100 ng/kg. In both the 10
and 100 ng/kg TeT-treated groups, no neuronal death occurred in any subregions of the mouse hippocampus until 24 h post-treatment;
however, there were changes in glia in the hippocampus depending on time course and dosage. The morphology of GFAP-immunoreactive
astrocytes and Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia was apparently changed in the 100 ng/kg TeT treated-group compared to the 10 ng/kg
TeT treated-group. In the 100 ng/kg TeT treated-group, they were increased in size and their immunoreactivity was distinctively
increased from 12 h post-treatment. We also found that their protein levels were increased in the hippocampus at 12 h post-treatment
of 100 ng/kg TeT. In conclusion, these results indicate that the systemic administration of 100 ng/kg TeT induced a distinctive
microglia changes in the mouse hippocampus without any neuronal death/damage. 相似文献