全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11815篇 |
免费 | 1339篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
13157篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 76篇 |
2021年 | 134篇 |
2020年 | 142篇 |
2019年 | 221篇 |
2018年 | 240篇 |
2017年 | 257篇 |
2016年 | 324篇 |
2015年 | 526篇 |
2014年 | 531篇 |
2013年 | 723篇 |
2012年 | 709篇 |
2011年 | 635篇 |
2010年 | 532篇 |
2009年 | 466篇 |
2008年 | 565篇 |
2007年 | 582篇 |
2006年 | 568篇 |
2005年 | 614篇 |
2004年 | 580篇 |
2003年 | 628篇 |
2002年 | 634篇 |
2001年 | 121篇 |
2000年 | 102篇 |
1999年 | 157篇 |
1998年 | 200篇 |
1997年 | 142篇 |
1996年 | 142篇 |
1995年 | 142篇 |
1994年 | 123篇 |
1993年 | 91篇 |
1992年 | 128篇 |
1991年 | 100篇 |
1990年 | 91篇 |
1989年 | 93篇 |
1988年 | 72篇 |
1987年 | 87篇 |
1986年 | 79篇 |
1985年 | 96篇 |
1984年 | 102篇 |
1983年 | 83篇 |
1982年 | 107篇 |
1981年 | 119篇 |
1980年 | 90篇 |
1979年 | 92篇 |
1978年 | 90篇 |
1977年 | 80篇 |
1976年 | 83篇 |
1975年 | 53篇 |
1974年 | 73篇 |
1973年 | 66篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
81.
Dabertrand F Fritz N Mironneau J Macrez N Morel JL 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》2007,293(3):C848-C854
Alternative splicing of ryanodine receptor subtype 3 (RYR3) may generate a short isoform (RYR3S) without channel function and a functional full-length isoform (RYR3L). The RYR3S isoform has been shown to negatively regulate the native RYR2 subtype in smooth muscle cells as well as the RYR3L isoform when both isoforms were coexpressed in HEK-293 cells. Mouse myometrium expresses only the RYR3 subtype, but the role of RYR3 isoforms obtained by alternative splicing and their activation by cADP-ribose during pregnancy have never been investigated. Here, we show that both RYR3S and RYR3L isoforms are differentially expressed in nonpregnant and pregnant mouse myometrium. The use of antisense oligonucleotides directed against each isoform indicated that only RYR3L was activated by caffeine and cADP-ribose in nonpregnant myometrium. These RYR3L-mediated Ca2+ releases were negatively regulated by RYR3S expression. At the end of pregnancy, the relative expression of RYR3L versus RYR3S and its ability to respond to cADP-ribose were increased. Therefore, our results suggest that physiological regulation of RYR3 alternative splicing may play an essential role at the end of pregnancy. ryanodine receptor; smooth muscle; alternative splicing 相似文献
82.
Characterization of phytoplankton assemblages in a tropical coastal environment using Kohonen self‐organizing map 下载免费PDF全文
Isimemen Osemwegie Julie E. Niamien‐Ebrottié Mathieu Y. J. Koné Allassane Ouattara Jean Biemi Barbara Reichert 《African Journal of Ecology》2017,55(4):487-499
This study was aimed at understanding the main abiotic environmental factors controlling the distribution patterns of abundance and composition of phytoplankton (size less than 10 μm) assemblages in the coastal waters of south‐eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Data were collected during two cruises, in January (low‐water period) and October (high‐water period) of 2014. A total of 67 species were identified and assigned to Bacillariophyceae (49%), Cyanophyceae (21%), Chlorophyceae (13%), Euglenophyceae (10%), Dinophyceae (4%) and Chrysophyceae (3%). Three biotic zones (I, IIA and IIB) were distinguishable on a Kohonen self‐organizing map after an unsupervised learning process. The diatom genera Eunotia sp., Navicula sp. and Actinoptychus senarius are significantly associated with I, IIA and IIB biotic zones, respectively. A clear seasonal cum salinity trend was apparent in phytoplankton distribution patterns. Turbidity and nitrate levels were the main abiotic factors controlling phytoplankton distribution in I, the upland tidal regions of the lagoon. In regions along the lagoon–sea continuum, phosphate and turbidity exert the most control during the low‐water season (IIA), while total dissolved solids control phytoplankton distribution during the high‐water season (IIB). These are climate‐sensitive parameters whose concentrations depend on prevailing hydroclimatic processes. Therefore, seasonality can have important consequences on phytoplankton community and inadvertently the productivity of these systems. 相似文献
83.
Aguirre-Planter E Jaramillo-Correa JP Gómez-Acevedo S Khasa DP Bousquet J Eguiarte LE 《Molecular phylogenetics and evolution》2012,62(1):263-274
The genus Abies is distributed discontinuously in the temperate and subtropical montane forests of the northern hemisphere. In Mesoamerica (Mexico and northern Central America), modern firs originated from the divergence of isolated mountain populations of migrating North American taxa. However, the number of ancestral species, migratory waves and diversification speed of these taxa is unknown. Here, variation in repetitive (Pt30204, Pt63718, and Pt71936) and non-repetitive (rbcL, rps18-rpl20 and trnL-trnF) regions of the chloroplast genome was used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Mesoamerican Abies in a genus-wide context. These phylogenies and two fossil-calibrated scenarios were further employed to estimate divergence dates and diversification rates within the genus, and to test the hypothesis that, as in many angiosperms, conifers may exhibit accelerated speciation rates in the subtropics. All phylogenies showed five main clusters that mostly agreed with the currently recognized sections of Abies and with the geographic distribution of species. The Mesoamerican taxa formed a single group with species from southwestern North America of sections Oiamel and Grandis. However, populations of the same species were not monophyletic within this group. Divergence of this whole group dated back to the late Paleocene and the early Miocene depending on the calibration used, which translated in very low diversification rates (r0.0 = 0.026-0.054, r0.9 = 0.009-0.019 sp/Ma). Such low rates were a constant along the entire genus, including both the subtropical and temperate taxa. An extended phylogeographic analysis on the Mesoamerican clade indicated that Abies flinckii and A. concolor were the most divergent taxa, while the remaining species (A. durangensis, A. guatemalensis, A. hickelii, A. religiosa and A. vejari) formed a single group. Altogether, these results show that divergence of Mesoamerican firs coincides with a model of environmental stasis and decreased extinction rate, being probably prompted by a series of range expansions and isolation-by-distance. 相似文献
84.
Anne M. Foreman Penelope Allison Michelle Poland B. Jean Meade Oliver Wirth 《Anthrozo?s》2019,32(1):35-50
Therapy and visitation dogs are becoming more common on college campuses to provide comfort and support to students, but little attention has been given to the concerns of faculty and staff who share space with the dogs in their workplaces. The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of faculty and staff with regard to both the benefits and the hazards (e.g., dander, bites, fleas) and risks associated with the presence of visitation dogs in their workplaces. One hundred and thirty-eight employees who worked in buildings with resident visitation dogs completed an online survey about their perceptions of the hazards and risks of the dogs and the effects of dogs on the wellbeing of both students and employees. In general, employees perceived that the dogs presented minimal risks, and most employees believed that they can reduce stress and provide comfort to students on campus. There were a few employees, however, who reported that the dogs did not improve the work environment and conferred no benefits to the staff or students. The findings of the present survey support the mostly positive attitudes that people have for dogs in the workplace, but they also highlight a potential challenge: accommodating individuals who believe very strongly that dogs do not belong in work environments. 相似文献
85.
Allometric and nonallometric components of Drosophila wing shape respond differently to developmental temperature 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Debat V Bégin M Legout H David JR 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2003,57(12):2773-2784
Phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape of Drosophila simulans was analyzed across the entire range of viable developmental temperatures with Procrustes geometric morphometric method. In agreement with previous studies, size clearly decreases when temperature increases. Wing shape variation was decomposed into its allometric (24%) and nonallometric (76%) components, and both were shown to involve landmarks located throughout the entire wing blade. The allometric component basically revealed a progressive, monotonous variation along the temperature. Surprisingly, nonallometric shape changes were highly similar at both extremes of the thermal range, suggesting that stress, rather than temperature per se, is the key developmental factor affecting wing shape. 相似文献
86.
The role of ungulates in nowadays temperate forests. A response to Fløjgaard et al. (DOI:10.1111/gcb.14029) 下载免费PDF全文
87.
Moralès O Richard A Martin N Mrizak D Sénéchal M Miroux C Pancré V Rommelaere J Caillet-Fauquet P de Launoit Y Delhem N 《PloS one》2012,7(2):e32197
Background
H-1 parvovirus (H-1 PV), a rodent autonomous oncolytic parvovirus, has emerged as a novel class of promising anticancer agents, because of its ability to selectively find and destroy malignant cells. However, to probe H-1 PV multimodal antitumor potential one of the major prerequisites is to decipher H-1 PV direct interplay with human immune system, and so prevent any risk of impairment.Methodology/Principal findings
Non activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are not sensitive to H-1 PV cytotoxic effect. However, the virus impairs both activated PBMC proliferation ability and viability. This effect is related to H-1 PV infection as evidenced by Western blotting detection of H-1 PV main protein NS1. However, TCID50 experiments did not allow newly generated virions to be detected. Moreover, flow cytometry has shown that H-1 PV preferentially targets B lymphocytes. Despite seeming harmful at first sight, H-1 PV seems to affect very few NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes and, above all, clearly does not affect human neutrophils and one of the major CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulation. Very interestingly, flow cytometry analysis and ELISA assays proved that it even activates human CD4+ T cells by increasing activation marker expression (CD69 and CD30) and both effective Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion (IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4). In addition, H-1 PV action does not come with any sign of immunosuppressive side effect. Finally, we have shown the efficiency of H-1 PV on xenotransplanted human nasopharyngeal carcinoma, in a SCID mouse model reconstituted with human PBMC.Conclusions/Significance
Our results show for the first time that a wild-type oncolytic virus impairs some immune cell subpopulations while directly activating a Helper CD4+ T cell response. Thus, our data open numerous gripping perspectives of investigation and strongly argue for the use of H-1 PV as an anticancer treatment. 相似文献88.
89.
Justin Kantoussan Jean Marc Ecoutin Guy Fontenelle Luis Tito de Morais Raymond Laë 《Ecological Indicators》2010,10(5):927-934
Trophic indicators were used to compare two Malian freshwater reservoirs whose main differences are based on their different fishing pressures. Data were collected from a scientific survey of small-scale fishery landings conducted in 2002/2003. The trophic levels of fish species caught by artisanal fisheries are estimated from observations of scientific fishing or from the metabase Fishbase. Important differences exist in the trophic structure of both reservoirs. In Selingue (with high fishing pressure), very few top predators are found in the catches while the low trophic level fishes increase in total catches. In Manantali (with low fishing pressure), the top predators contribute twice as much to catches compared to Selingue. Hence, the mean trophic level of catches in Selingue (2.80) is lower than in Manantali (2.97). When comparing these results with those of study made in 1994/1995, it clearly appears that the effects of the fishing pressure in Selingue are obvious through a decrease of 0.12 in the mean trophic level while in Manantali this mean level has increased by 0.33 due to a recent strategic targeting of top predators. Trophic spectra seem to be relevant tools to characterize exploited fish communities from multi-specific and multi-gear small-scale fisheries catch data. 相似文献
90.