Synthesis and evaluation of the antidepressant activity of the enantiomers of bupropion

The synthesis of the enantiomers of bupropion, (rac)-2-tert-butylamino-3′-chloropropiophenone 1 (Wellbutrin®) is described. The enantiomers were compared with the racemate in both the tetrabenazine-induced sedation model and the inhibition of uptake of biogenic amine assay. No significant differences were found in their potencies to reverse tetrabenazine-induced sedation in mice or in their IC₅₀ values as inhibitors of biogenic amine uptake into nerve endings obtained from mouse brain. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The Mechanochemistry of Muscular Contraction : I. The isometric twitch

The dependence of PC¹ and ATP¹ dephosphorylation on the number of isometric twitches in the iodoacetate-nitrogen-poisoned muscle has been examined. There is no net dephosphorylation of adenosinetriphosphate. PC dephosphorylation varies linearly with the number of twitches and produces equivalent amounts of C¹ and P_1i.¹ Iodoacetate concentrations which block the enzyme, creatine phosphokinase, render the muscle non-contractile. A value of 0.286 µmole/gm. for the amount of PC split per twitch is obtained which gives a value of -9.62 kcal./mole for the "physiological" heat of hydrolysis of PC in agreement with expectations based on thermochemical data. In a single maximal isometric twitch it is estimated that 2 to 3 PC molecules are dephosphorylated per myosin molecule, or 1 per actin molecule. The results support the view that under the conditions of these experiments PC dephosphorylation is the net energy yielding reaction. The in vivo stoichiometry of the mechano-chemistry of contraction revealed by these studies on the one hand, and the known stoichiometry of actin polymerization and its coupling to the creatine phosphokinase system on the other are strikingly similar and strongly suggest that the reversible polymerization of actin is involved in a major way in the contraction-relaxation-recovery cycle of muscle.     

Effect of exercise intensity on the postexercise sweating threshold.

The hypothesis that the magnitude of the postexercise onset threshold for sweating is increased by the intensity of exercise was tested in eight subjects. Esophageal temperature was monitored as an index of core temperature while sweat rate was measured by using a ventilated capsule placed on the upper back. Subjects remained seated resting for 15 min (no exercise) or performed 15 min of treadmill running at either 55, 70, or 85% of peak oxygen consumption (V(o2 peak)) followed by a 20-min seated recovery. Subjects then donned a liquid-conditioned suit used to regulate mean skin temperature. The suit was first perfused with 20 degrees C water to control and stabilize skin and core temperature before whole body heating. Subsequently, the skin was heated ( approximately 4.0 degrees C/h) until sweating occurred. Exercise resulted in an increase in the onset threshold for sweating of 0.11 +/- 0.02, 0.23 +/- 0.01, and 0.33 +/- 0.02 degrees C above that measured for the no-exercise resting values (P < 0.05) for the 55, 70, and 85% of V(o2 peak) exercise conditions, respectively. We did note that there was a greater postexercise hypotension as a function of exercise intensity as measured at the end of the 20-min exercise recovery. Thus it is plausible that the increase in postexercise threshold may be related to postexercise hypotension. It is concluded that the sweating response during upright recovery is significantly modified by exercise intensity and may likely be influenced by the nonthermal baroreceptor reflex adjustments postexercise.     

Influence of sarmesin on the cardiac and vascular actions of angiotensin II

Summary The angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor blocker properties of sarmesin and its influence on the homotropic cooperativity of ANG II receptors were studied in two experimental models: isolated rabbit aorta and isolated rabbit atria. The results show that: (i) sarmesin is a specific competitive antagonist of ANG II receptors, with high affinity (pA₂=8.93 in the isolated aorta and 8.66 in the isolated atria); and (ii) the slope of the concentration-response curves to ANG II and the Hill coefficient increased in the presence of sarmesin, the latter suggesting an enhancement of the positive homotropic cooperativity of ANG II receptors. These results may be explained overall by the reciprocal negative modulation of receptor affinity between sarmesin and ANG II, due, possibly, to opposite effects on the binding of G-proteins to ANG II receptors.     

Conversion of a RAPD-generated PCR product,containing a novel dispersed repetitive element,into a fast and robust assay for the presence of rye chromatin in wheat

Bulk segregant analysis was used to obtain a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker specific for the rye chromosome arm of the 1BL.1RS translocation, which is common in many high-yielding bread wheat varieties. The RAPD-generated band was cloned and end-sequenced to allow the construction of a pair of oligonucleotide primers that PCR-amplify a DNA sequence only in the presence of rye chromatin. The amplified sequence shares a low level of homology to wheat and barley, as judged by the low strength of hybridization of the sequence to restriction digests of genomic DNA. Genetic analysis showed that the amplified sequence was present on every rye chromosome and not restricted to either the proximal or distal part of the 1RS arm. In situ hybridization studies using the amplified product as probe also showed that the sequence was dispersed throughout the rye genome, but that the copy number was greatly reduced, or the sequence was absent at both the centromere and the major sites of heterochromatin (telomere and nucleolar organizing region). The probe, using both Southern blot and in situ hybridization analyses, hybridized at a low level to wheat chromosomes, and no hybridizing restriction fragments could be located to individual wheat chromosomes from the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of wheat aneuploids. The disomic addition lines of rye chromosomes to wheat shared a similar RFLP profile to one another. The amplified sequence does not contain the RIS 1 sequence and therefore represents an as yet undescribed dispersed repetitive sequence. The specificity of the amplification primers is such that they will provide a useful tool for the rapid detection of rye chromatin in a wheat background. Additionally, the relatively low level of cross-hybridization to wheat chromatin should allow the sequence to be used to analyse the organization of rye euchromatin in interphase nuclei of wheat lines carrying chromosomes, chromosome segments or whole genomes derived from rye.     

Cholinomimetics Increase Glutamate Outflow via an Action on the Corticostriatal Pathway: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: Physostigmine, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (0.3 mg/kg, i.m.), increased extracellular glutamate but not aspartate concentrations in the striatum of anaesthetised rats, determined using microdialysis and HPLC. The rise was both tetrodotoxin and calcium dependent. In contrast, neither physostigmine (10 µ M ) added to the perfusion fluid nor vehicle (injected intramuscularly) affected amino acid concentrations. To obtain evidence that the action of acetylcholine was to modulate positively cortical pyramidal neurone activity via the M₁ receptor, the selective M₁ agonist PD 142505-0028 (10 µ M ) was topically applied to the frontal cortex. Like physostigmine, PD 142505-0028 rapidly increased glutamate but not aspartate concentrations in the striatum. Moreover, the effect of intramuscular physostigmine was blocked by a topically applied M₁ antagonist. These new data add to our hypothesis that cholinomimetics increase pyramidal neurone function.     

Decrease of polypeptides in the PS I antenna complex with increasing growth irradiance in the red alga Porphyridium cruentum

Thylakoids isolated from cells of the red alga Porphyridium cruentum exhibit an increased PS I activity on a chlorophyll basis with increasing growth irradiance, even though the stoichiometry of Photosystems I and II in such cells shows little change (Cunningham et al. (1989) Plant Physiol 91: 1179–1187). PS I activity was 26% greater in thylakoids of cells acclimated at 280 mol photons · m^–2 · s^–1 (VHL) than in cells acclimated at 10 mol photons · m^–2 · s^–1 (LL), indicating a change in the light absorbance capacity of PS I. Upon isolating PS I holocomplexes from VHL cells it was found that they contained 132±9 Chl/P700 while those obtained from LL cells had 165±4 Chl/P700. Examination of the polypeptide composition of PS I holocomplexes on SDS-PAGE showed a notable decrease of three polypeptides (19.5, 21.0 and 22 kDa) in VHL-complexes relative to LL-complexes. These polypeptides belong to a novel LHC I complex, recently discovered in red algae (Wolfe et al. (1994a) Nature 367: 566–568), that lacks Chl b and includes at least six different polypeptides. We suggest that the decrease in PS I Chl antenna size observed with increasing irradiance is attributable to changes occurring in the LHC I-antenna complex. Evidence for a Chl-binding antenna complex associated with PS II core complexes is lacking at this point. LHC II-type polypeptides were not observed in functionally active PS II preparations (Wolfe et al. (1994b) Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1188: 357–366), nor did we detect polypeptides that showed immunocross-reactivity with LHC II specific antisera (made to Chlamydomonas and Euglena LHC II).Abbreviations Bis-Tris bis(2-hydroxyethyl)imino-tris(hydroxymethyl)methane - DCPIP 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol - -dm dodecyl--d-maltoside - HL high light of 150 mol photons · m^–2 · s^–1 - LGB lower green band - LHC I light-harvesting complex of PS I - LHC II light-harvesting complex of PS II - LL low light of 10 mol photons · m^–2 · s^–1 - ML medium light of 50 mol photons · m^–2 · s^–1 - MES 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid - P700 reaction center of PS I - PFD photon flux density - Trizma tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane - UGB upper green band - VHL very high light of 280 mol photons · m^–2 · s^–1     

Fatty acids of the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis: effect of light and feeding

In order to investigate nutritional interactions in the symbiotic scleractinian coral-zooxanthella association, fatty acids of the coral Galaxea fascicularis were analysed in two groups of cultured microcolonies. The first group was fed with Artemia sp., while the second group was starved. After an initial 1-month period during which both groups were subjected to the same normal light conditions (constant irradiance of 125 E·cm^-2·s^-1 and 14:10 h light:dark), a light cap was used to cover the aquarium and keep all the microcolonies in permanent darkness for 20 days. During the light phase of the experiment it was shown that the nutritional status lead to large variations in the percentage of saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most abundant fatty acid in both groups. Important differences between fed and starved microcolonies occurred during the dark phase of the experiment. In the fed group the dark phase was characterized by a significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Particularly arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) became the most important fatty acid followed by docosatrienoic acid (C22:3 n-3). A slight increase in these two fatty acids was also found in the starved group but the bulk of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly decreased. In this group, palmitic acid remained the most important fatty acid while an increased concentration of cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7) was found at the end of the experiment. The increased concentration of cis-vaccenic acid might indicate that bacteria serve as a source of energy. While the number of zooxanthellae per milligram of protein and the chlorophyll a to protein ratio strongly decreased in the starved microcolonies immediately after the beginning of the dark period, the decrease in fed microcolonies was delayed for about 10 days. Furthermore, after 20 days of dark incubation the chlorophyll a to protein ratio was the same as measured at the beginning of the dark period. This suggests that in the dark the metabolic requirements of the zooxanthellae are in part met from the animal host through a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.Abbreviations CZ cultured zooxanthellae - FAME fatty acid methylester(s) - FDM fed dark microcolonies - FLM fed light microcolonies - MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid(s) - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid(s) - SDM starved dark microcolonies - SFA saturated fatty acids - SLM starved-light microcolonies - SW sea water - TFA total fatty acids     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of metal-citrate complexes by Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Biodegradation of metal-citrate complexes by Pseudomonas fluorescens depends on the nature of the complex formed between the metal and citric acid. Bidentate Fe(III)-, Ni-, and Zn-citrate complexes were readily biodegraded, but the tridentate Cd- and Cu-citrate, and U-citrate complexes were not. The biodegradation of Ni- and Zn-citrate commenced after an initial lag period; the former showed only partial (70%) degradation, whereas the latter was completely degraded. Uptake studies with 14C-labeled citric acid and metal-citrate complexes showed that cells grown in medium containing citric acid transported free citric acid at the rate of 28 nmol min-1 and Fe(III)-citrate at the rate of 12.6 nmol min-1 but not Cd-, Cu-, Ni-, U-, and Zn-citrate complexes. However, cells grown in medium containing Ni- or Zn-citrate transported both Ni- and Zn-citrate, suggesting the involvement of a common, inducible transport factor. Cell extracts degraded Fe(III)-, Ni-, U-, and Zn-citrate complexes in the following order: The cell extract did not degrade Cd- or Cu-citrate complexes. These results show that the biodegradation of the U-citrate complex was limited by the lack of transport inside the cell and that the tridentate Cd- and Cu-citrate complexes were neither transported inside the cell nor metabolized by the bacterium.