全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1587篇 |
免费 | 184篇 |
专业分类
1771篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 12篇 |
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 13篇 |
2018年 | 21篇 |
2017年 | 25篇 |
2016年 | 32篇 |
2015年 | 73篇 |
2014年 | 42篇 |
2013年 | 76篇 |
2012年 | 85篇 |
2011年 | 98篇 |
2010年 | 60篇 |
2009年 | 46篇 |
2008年 | 77篇 |
2007年 | 69篇 |
2006年 | 71篇 |
2005年 | 63篇 |
2004年 | 61篇 |
2003年 | 62篇 |
2002年 | 79篇 |
2001年 | 55篇 |
2000年 | 63篇 |
1999年 | 61篇 |
1998年 | 36篇 |
1997年 | 32篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 27篇 |
1993年 | 29篇 |
1992年 | 32篇 |
1991年 | 40篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1968年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有1771条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Characterization of glutamine-requiring mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Revertants were isolated from a glutamine-requiring mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. One strain showed thermosensitive glutamine requirement and formed thermolabile glutamine synthase, suggesting the presence of a mutation in the structural gene for glutamine synthetase. The mutation conferring glutamine auxotrophy was subsequently mapped and found to be located at about 15 min on the chromosomal map, close to and before hisII4. Furthermore, in transduction experiments, it appeared to be very closely linked to gln-2022, a suppressor mutation affecting nitrogen control. With immunological techniques, it could be demonstrated that the glutamine auxotrophs form an inactive glutamine synthetase protein which is regulated by glutamine or a product derived from it in a way similar to other nitrogen-controlled proteins. 相似文献
62.
63.
van Leerdam RC de Bok FA Lens PN Stams AJ Janssen AJ 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2007,98(1):91-100
The feasibility of anaerobic methanethiol (MT) degradation at elevated sodium concentrations was investigated in a mesophilic (30 degrees C) lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor, inoculated with estuarine sediment originating from the Wadden Sea (The Netherlands). MT was almost completely degraded (>95%) to sulfide, methane and carbon dioxide at volumetric loading rates up to 37 mmol MT x L(-1) x day(-1), 0.5 M sodium (NaCl or NaHCO(3)) and between pH 7.3 and 8.4. Batch experiments revealed that inhibition of MT degradation started at sodium (both NaCl and NaHCO(3)) concentrations exceeding 0.8 M. Sulfide inhibited MT degradation already around 3 mM (pH 8.3). 相似文献
64.
Lentle RG Janssen PW 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2008,178(6):673-690
The physical properties of digesta may influence mixing, efficiency of digestion, and absorption within the lumen of the intestine. We review how the physical properties of digesta change during transit through the various segments of the intestine, and how their influence on flow and mixing may be modulated by peristaltic activity. We examine how, in more fluid digesta, the solid and liquid phases interact to influence flow and mixing. Similarly, how in viscid digesta, shear strength, plasticity and elasticity of contained particulate material may influence the permeation of the fluid phase and secretions into and out of the digesta bolus. The manner in which the solid and liquid phases of digesta interact in a partly gaseous environment, such as the lower bowel, to influence bolus cohesion is also examined. Those mechanisms that promote the formation of a less viscous layer at the mucosal interface to promote plug flow are reviewed, and their effect on the efficiency of mixing and digestion discussed. It is recommended that in any future work investigating the character of mixing in the intestine, a wider range of appropriate digesta properties be measured and that, in investigations of intestinal movement, perfusates with similar characteristics to digesta be used. 相似文献
65.
Marcus Lettau Jennifer Pieper Alyn Gerneth Beate Lengl‐Janßen Matthias Voss Andreas Linkermann Hendrik Schmidt Christoph Gelhaus Matthias Leippe Dieter Kabelitz Ottmar Janssen 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2010,19(4):658-669
Nck is a ubiquitously expressed, primarily cytosolic adapter protein consisting of one SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. It links receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases to actin cytoskeleton reorganizing proteins. In T lymphocytes, Nck is a crucial component of signaling pathways for T cell activation and effector function. It recruits actin remodeling proteins to T cell receptor (TCR)‐associated activation clusters and thereby initiates changes in cell polarity and morphology. Moreover, Nck is crucial for the TCR‐induced mobilization of secretory vesicles to the cytotoxic immunological synapse. To identify the interactome of Nck in human T cells, we performed a systematic screen for interaction partners in untreated or pervanadate‐treated cells. We used GST fusion proteins containing full length Nck, the combined SH3 domains or the individual SH3 and SH2 domains to precipitate putative Nck interactors from cellular lysates. Protein bands were excised from gels, processed by tryptic in‐gel digestion and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Using this approach, we confirmed previously established interactions (e.g., with Slp76, CD3ε, WASP, and WIPF1) and identified several novel putative Nck‐binding proteins. We subsequently verified the SH2 domain binding to the actin‐binding protein HIP55 and to FYB/ADAP, and the SH3‐mediated binding to the nuclear proteins SFPQ/NONO. Using laser scanning microscopy, we provide new evidence for a nuclear localization of Nck in human T cells. Our data highlight the fundamental role of Nck in the TCR‐to‐cytoskeleton crosstalk and point to yet unknown nuclear functions of Nck also in T lymphocytes. 相似文献
66.
The relative contribution of compositional and structural heterogeneity on biodiversity is currently ambiguous because field studies generally integrate these two sources of habitat heterogeneity into a single index. We established the relationship between species richness of ground-dwelling and flying beetles and compositional and structural attributes of forest heterogeneity. The relationship was evaluated at two spatial scales: the scale of forest stand, corresponding to an 11.3 m radius, and the scale of landscape, corresponding to either a 400 or 800 m radius. Seventy stands were sampled in the matrix of old-growth boreal forest of the North Shore region of Québec, Canada, during the summers of 2004 and 2005. A total of 133 ground-dwelling beetle species (range: 4–42 species per site) were captured in the pitfall traps and 251 flying species (range 16–58 species per site) in flight-interception traps. We found that the most relevant type of heterogeneity to explain variations in species richness and the significance of landscape scale information varied between groups of beetles. Compositional heterogeneity (i.e. the number of species of forest trees and shrubs) at the stand scale best predicted species richness in ground-dwelling beetles. On the other hand, it was the combined influence of structural and compositional habitat heterogeneity at stand and landscape scales that best explained richness patterns in flying beetles. Our study outlines the significance of considering multiple types and spatial scales of habitat heterogeneity when describing patterns of species richness. 相似文献
67.
The cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa, unlike the chloroplast genome, codes for the ribosomal L3 protein. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
J L Evrard C Johnson I Janssen W Lffelhardt J H Weil M Kuntz 《Nucleic acids research》1990,18(5):1115-1119
We describe a 1132 bp sequence of the cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa containing the rpl3 gene. This gene, which is not chloroplast encoded in plants, is the first of a long cyanelle ribosomal operon whose organization resembles that of the S10 operon of E. coli. We have shown that the rpl3 gene is transcribed in cyanelles as a 7500 nucleotide precursor and that the 5'-end of the mRNA starts approximately 90 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon. However, no typical procaryotic promoter could be found for this gene. We have detected, using anti E. coli L3 antibodies, the cyanelle L3 protein in cyanelle extracts and in E. coli cells transformed with the cyanelle rpl3 gene. 相似文献
68.
The conversion of and toxic effects exerted by several mono- and dihalogenated C1 and C2 compounds on cultures of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 growing on 1,2-dichloroethane were investigated. Bromochloromethane, dibromomethane and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane were
utilized by strain GJ10 in batch culture as a cosubstrate and sole carbon source. The rate of degradation of dihalomethanes
by whole cells was lower than that of 1,2-dichloroethane, but a significant increase of the rate of dihalomethane biodegradation
was observed when methanol or ethanol were added as a cosubstrate. Products of the degradation of several tested compounds
by haloalkane dehalogenase were analyzed and a new metabolic pathway based on hydrolytic conversion to formaldehyde was proposed
for the dihalomethanes. Strain GJ10 growing on 1,2-dichloroethane converted 2-fluoroethanol and 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane to
2-fluoroacetate, which was tolerated up to a concentration of 2.5 mM. On the basis of the results from batch cultures an inert
(dichloromethane), a growth-supporting (dibromomethane) and a toxic (1,2-dibromoethane) compound were selected for testing
their effects on a continuous culture of strain GJ10 growing on 1,2-dichloroethane. The compounds were added as pulses to
a steady-state chemostat and the response of the culture was followed. The effects varied from a temporary decrease in cell
density for dibromomethane to severe toxicity and culture washout with 1,2-dibromoethane. Our results extend the spectrum
of halogenated C1 and C2 compounds that are known to be degraded by strain GJ10 and provide information on toxic effects and
transformation of compounds not serving as a carbon source for this bacterium. 相似文献
69.
G Schieren O Janssen G M H?nsch 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1992,148(10):3183-3188
C8 binding protein (C8bp) is a 65-kDa membrane glycoprotein that inhibits complement-mediated lysis by homologous C5b-9. C8bp was first identified on human erythrocytes, but could also be detected on peripheral blood cells, platelets, glomerular cells and synovial fibroblasts. Lack of C8bp as seen in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria type III results in enhanced susceptibility of the cells toward C5b-9. We studied C8bp expression on the promonocytic cell line U937. In addition to the membrane-bound C8bp, a cytoplasmic form of C8bp could also be identified by immunofluorescence, blotting, and precipitation. Stimulation of the cells with IL-1 beta, endotoxin, IFN-gamma, or phorbol ester increased C8bp surface expression. Because cycloheximide did not inhibit enhanced surface expression, it was most probably mobilized from cytoplasmic reservoirs. Thus, resistance of nuclear cells to complement attack seems to be based on two events: 1) the removal of the C5b-9 complex from the membrane; and 2) expression of regulatory surface proteins such as C8bp, which inhibit C5b-9-mediated lysis. We propose that the C8bp mobilization by cytokines might provide an additional protection against complement attack by its known interference with the C5b-9 assembly. 相似文献
70.
Purified protein S contains multimeric forms with increased APC-independent anticoagulant activity 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Protein S, the cofactor of activated protein C (APC), also expresses anticoagulant activity independent of APC by directly inhibiting prothrombin activation via interactions with factor Xa, factor Va, and phospholipids. In different studies, however, large variations in APC-independent anticoagulant activities have been reported for protein S. The investigation presented here shows that within purified protein S preparations different forms of protein S are present, of which a hitherto unrecognized form (<5% of total protein S) binds with high affinity to phospholipid bilayers (K(d) < 1 nM). The remaining protein S (>95%) has a low affinity (K(d) = 250 nM) for phospholipids. Using their different affinities for phospholipids, separation of the forms of protein S was achieved. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the form of protein S that binds to phospholipids with low affinity migrated as a single band, whereas the high-affinity protein S exhibited several bands that migrated with reduced mobility. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that the slower-migrating bands represented multimeric forms of protein S. Multimeric protein S (<5% of total protein S) appeared to have a 100-fold higher APC-independent anticoagulant activity than the abundant form of protein S. Comparison of purified protein S preparations that exhibited a 4-fold difference in APC-independent anticoagulant activity showed that the ability to inhibit prothrombin activation correlated with the content of multimeric protein S. Multimeric protein S could not be identified in normal human plasma, and it is therefore unlikely that this form of protein S contributes to the APC-independent anticoagulant activity of protein S that is observed in plasma. 相似文献