Gene expression profiles in different stem internodes reveal the genetic regulation of primary and secondary stem development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula platyphylla</Emphasis>

Secondary growth of stems is an important process for the radial increase of trees. To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying stem development from primary to secondary growth and to provide information for molecular research and breeding in Betula platyphylla (birch), the gene expression profiles of material from the first, third, and fifth internodes (IN) of 3-month-old seedlings were analyzed. Compared with the first IN, 177 genes were up-regulated and 157 genes down-regulated in the third IN; in the fifth IN, 180 genes were up-regulated and 275 genes were down-regulated. The expressions of 24 genes were up-regulated and 6 genes were down-regulated in the fifth IN relative to the third IN. The differentially expressed genes were annotated as having roles in cambium, xylem, and phloem development and formation; including cell wall expansion, cellulose biosynthesis, lignin biosynthesis and deposition, xylem extension, cell wall modification, and growth hormone responses. The expressions of genes related to cell wall expansion and cellulose biosynthesis in the primary cell wall were down-regulated in the third and fifth IN relative to the first IN. Genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, xylem extension, and cellulose synthesis in the secondary cell wall were up-regulated in the third and fifth IN relative to the first IN. These results described the patterns of gene expression during stem development in birch and provided candidate genes for further functional characterization.     

Seasonal change in xylem growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis> in central Japan

This study investigated the seasonal change in xylem growth of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora). Wood cores were sampled at 2-week intervals from April to November in 2012 using the microcoring method. Daily increment rates of tracheid number and tree-ring width were compared with seasonal changes in daily mean temperature and photoperiod. Xylem growth started in early to late May and stopped in late October to early November. The maximum daily increment rates of tracheid number and tree-ring width were in early July. The 95 % confidence intervals of the timing of the maximum daily increment rates included the summer solstice (23 June) with the longest photoperiod, but not the warmest day (30 July). The maximum daily increment rate of xylem growth is thought to be controlled by the photoperiod rather than by temperature. The daily mean temperature exceeded 20 °C after the summer solstice, indicating that temperature is not a limiting factor for xylem growth. This study suggests that the timing of maximum daily increment rates of xylem growth of P. densiflora is controlled by the photoperiod.     

Large-Area,Low-Cost Infrared Metamaterial Fabrication Via Pulsed Laser Deposition with Metallic Mesh as a Shadow Mask

Metamaterials are artificial periodic structures with negative permittivity and permeability. Several interesting properties can be obtained in metamaterials, such as negative index behavior, which can be used for building perfect lenses, cloaking, antennas, etc. As the metamaterial’s properties are determined by its structure, the key challenge is to reduce the fabrication cost of the periodic structure on the micrometer or nanometer scale for realistic applications. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a new one-step method for the fabrication of a large-area infrared metamaterial at extremely low cost. A metallic mesh is used as a shadow mask during the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process to fabricate a FeNi/SiC/FeNi multilayer sandwich structure on Si substrate (cm² level). The sample shows a strong absorption peak in the infrared frequency range, and the absorption intensity changes with the sample’s geometry.     

Effect of Water Content on the Glass Transition Temperature of Calcium Maltobionate and its Application to the Characterization of Non-Arrhenius Viscosity Behavior

To understand the fundamental physical properties of calcium maltobionate (MBCa), its water sorption isotherm, glass transition temperature (T _g), and viscosity (η) were investigated and compared with those of maltobionic acid (MBH) and maltose. Although amorphous maltose crystalized at water activity (a _w) higher than 0.43, MBCa and MBH maintained an amorphous state over the whole a _w range. In addition, MBCa had a higher T _g and greater resistance to water plasticizing than MBH and maltose. These properties of MBCa likely originate from the strong interaction between MBCa and water induced by electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the effects of temperature and water content on η of an aqueous MBCa solution were evaluated, and its behavior was described using a semi-empirical approach based on a combination of T _g extrapolated by the Gordon-Taylor equation and a non-Arrhenius formula known as the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation. This result will be useful for understating the effect of MBCa addition on the solution’s properties.     

Four putative entomopathogenic fungi of armoured scale insects on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus</Emphasis> in Australia

This study led to the discovery of four putative entomopathogenic fungi of armoured scale insects on citrus trees in coastal New South Wales. Two of these species belong in Podonectria as P. coccicola (Ellis & Everh.) Petch (syn. Tetracrium coccicola (Höhn.) Ellis & Everh.) and P. novae-zelandiae Dingley. Members of this genus are grown in culture for the first time. Formerly placed in the Pleosporales, Tubeufiaceae, or more recently in the Tubeufiales, these species are herein placed in the new family Podonectriaceae fam. nov., Pleosporales. Another species is placed in the Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae as Clonostachys coccicola (J.A. Stev.) H.T. Dao comb. nov. (basionym Tubercularia coccicola J.A. Stev., syn. Nectria tuberculariae Petch). The fourth species is Myriangium citri Henn. (Myriangiales, Myriangiaceae). Each fungal species is characterized and the phylogenetic placement confirmed by molecular analyses of the ITS and 28 s rDNA regions. In addition, their biology is noted, including location of the fungi within tree canopies.     

The rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">OsSAG12-2</Emphasis> gene codes for a functional protease that negatively regulates stress-induced cell death

Senescence is the final stage of plant development. Although expression of most of the genes is suppressed during senescence, a set of genes referred as senescence-associated genes (SAGs) is induced. Arabidopsis thaliana SAG12 (AtSAG12) is one such gene that has been mostly studied for its strict association with senescence. AtSAG12 encodes a papain-like cysteine protease, expressed predominantly in senescence-associated vacuoles. Rice genome contains multiple AtSAG12 homologues (OsSAGs). OsSAG12-1, the closest structural homologue of AtSAG12, is a negative regulator of developmental and stress-induced cell death. Proteolytic activity has not been established for any SAG12 homologues in vitro. Here, we report that OsSAG12-2, the second structural homologue of AtSAG12 from rice, codes for a functional proteolytic enzyme. The recombinant OsSAG12-2 protein produced in Escherichia coli undergoes autolysis to generate a functional protease. The matured OsSAG12-2 protein shows 27% trypsin-equivalent proteolytic activity on azocasein substrate. Dark-induced senescence activates OsSAG12-2 expression. Down-regulation of OsSAG12-2 in the transgenic artificial miRNA lines results in enhanced salt- and UV-induced cell death, even though it does not affect cell viability in the stress-free condition. Our results show that OsSAG12-2 codes for a functional protease that negatively regulates stress-induced cell death in rice.     

Investigation of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of eriodictyol through its cellular anti-oxidant activity

Many studies have been performed to assess the potential utility of natural products as immunomodulatory agents to enhance host responses against infection or to ameliorate immune-based pathologies. To determine whether eriodictyol has immunomodulatory effects and clarify which types of immune effector cells are stimulated in vitro, we investigated the stimulatory effect of eriodictyol on spleen cells isolated from BALB/c mice. Eriodictyol significantly stimulated splenocyte proliferation. However, only B lymphocytes (not T lymphocytes) could be stimulated by eriodictyol in a dose-related manner. Studies assessing potential effect of eriodictyol on innate immunity reported that eriodictyol enhanced significantly the killing activity of natural killer (NK) cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. We also demonstrated that eriodictyol inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and lysosomal enzyme activity in murine peritoneal macrophages cultured ex-vivo, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect in situ. Eriodictyol revealed also a cellular anti-oxidant activity in splenocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, eriodictyol increased catalase activity in spleen cells. From this data, it can be concluded that eriodictyol exhibited an immunomodulatory effect that could be ascribed in part to a cytoprotective effect related to its anti-oxidant activity.     

Diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy is increasing over time in patients presenting as ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy often presents with the clinical signs of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The increase in scientific publications addressing this relatively rare condition may result in higher awareness and diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Aim

To assess the observed prevalence per year of takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a large registry of patients with STEMI, during a 12-year inclusion period.

Method

All patients presenting with STEMI at a large regional cardiology clinic were entered into a database (n = 8,413, mean age 63 ± 13 years). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in 42 patients (0.5?%). Years of evaluation were defined as ‘early years’ (January 2002 to December 2007; n = 4350) and ‘later years’ (January 2008 to December 2013). Multivariable analyses were performed to adjust for differences in demographical and clinical variables.

Results

In later years, the age of STEMI patients was slightly higher (64 ± 13 vs. 63 ± 13 years, p < 0.001), with more patients with clinical symptoms of shock (10 vs. 7?%, p < 0.001) or a history of percutaneous coronary intervention or hypertension (10 vs. 8?%, p = 0.001 and 37 vs. 34?%, p < 0.001). Smoking and a positive family history were less often observed during later years (39 vs. 46?%, p < 0.001 and 37 vs. 42?% p < 0.001). Patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy were more often female (81 vs. 27?%, p = 0.001). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was more often diagnosed in the later period (0.7 vs. 0.3?%, OR 2.4, 95?% CI 1.2–4.6, p = 0.009). The higher prevalence of takotsubo cardiomyopathy in recent years remained significant after adjustment for differences in patient characteristics (OR 2.1, 95?% CI 1.1–4.3).

Conclusion

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is currently more often diagnosed in patients with STEMI compared with in earlier years. This is probably due to the increased scientific and clinical awareness among doctors, but the prevalence is still low.