全文获取类型
收费全文 | 101282篇 |
免费 | 3423篇 |
国内免费 | 56篇 |
专业分类
104761篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 367篇 |
2018年 | 1259篇 |
2017年 | 1389篇 |
2016年 | 3252篇 |
2015年 | 6831篇 |
2014年 | 6560篇 |
2013年 | 6549篇 |
2012年 | 5972篇 |
2011年 | 3231篇 |
2010年 | 2862篇 |
2009年 | 2755篇 |
2008年 | 1567篇 |
2007年 | 1454篇 |
2006年 | 1523篇 |
2005年 | 7538篇 |
2004年 | 6188篇 |
2003年 | 4294篇 |
2002年 | 1925篇 |
2001年 | 1319篇 |
2000年 | 505篇 |
1999年 | 1692篇 |
1998年 | 577篇 |
1992年 | 2091篇 |
1991年 | 2148篇 |
1990年 | 2183篇 |
1989年 | 2127篇 |
1988年 | 2076篇 |
1987年 | 1899篇 |
1986年 | 1714篇 |
1985年 | 1765篇 |
1984年 | 1224篇 |
1983年 | 934篇 |
1982年 | 589篇 |
1981年 | 524篇 |
1980年 | 466篇 |
1979年 | 1154篇 |
1978年 | 834篇 |
1977年 | 678篇 |
1976年 | 676篇 |
1975年 | 910篇 |
1974年 | 1041篇 |
1973年 | 1060篇 |
1972年 | 979篇 |
1971年 | 944篇 |
1970年 | 837篇 |
1969年 | 847篇 |
1968年 | 750篇 |
1967年 | 761篇 |
1966年 | 599篇 |
1965年 | 447篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
102.
103.
104.
R Iu Iukhananov A I Ma?ski? Iu V Burov 《Biulleten' eksperimental'no? biologii i meditsiny》1985,100(11):588-591
Addition of ethanol to rat brain homogenate containing opiate receptors inhibits at a concentration of 50 mM the stereospecific binding of 3H-naloxone at 37 degrees C but not at 0 degree C, with the ID50 being 462 mM under these conditions. The temperature-dependent inhibition of the ligand binding suggests that ethanol does not compete with naloxone for specific binding sites of opiate receptors and changes the structure of lipids in biological membranes. Scatchard's analysis has demonstrated that apart from a decrease in the number of highly affinity binding sites of 3H-naloxone, the total amount of the binding sites remains unchanged both in the presence and absence of ethanol and constitutes 453 and 549 fmol/mg protein. It is assumed that ethanol might interconvert highly and low-affinity binding sites. Analysis of the effect of ethanol on 3H-naloxone binding with opiate receptors contained by synaptic membranes obtained from animals with varying predisposition to voluntary alcoholization has shown that ethanol inhibits to a greater degree ligand binding with membranes obtained from rats predisposed to alcoholization. The possibility of the involvement of receptors in the biochemical mechanisms by which the initial alcoholic motivation is effected is under discussion. 相似文献
105.
L N Kobylianski? 《Biulleten' eksperimental'no? biologii i meditsiny》1984,98(10):425-427
The total and unsedimentable activity of acid DNase, RNase, phosphatase and arylsulfatases A and B was examined in the rat kidneys during long-term compression of soft tissues in the presence of high excitability of the sympathoadrenal system. Injection of adrenalin to rats with trauma reduced the total activity of DNase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatases A and B, particularly at the late periods of soft tissue compression, whereas the total activity of acid RNase slightly increased as compared with control. Compression of soft tissues after adrenalin preinjection was accompanied by a substantial rise of unsedimentable activity of the lysosomal enzymes under study in the kidneys. The activity of the enzymes in cytosol progressively ascended as the time of soft tissue injury increased. 相似文献
106.
Detection of genetic variants affecting cattle behaviour and their impact on milk production: a genome‐wide association study
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Animal genetics》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Juliane Friedrich Bodo Brand Siriluck Ponsuksili Katharina L. Graunke Jan Langbein Jacqueline Knaust Christa Kühn Manfred Schwerin 《Animal genetics》2016,47(1):12-18
Behaviour traits of cattle have been reported to affect important production traits, such as meat quality and milk performance as well as reproduction and health. Genetic predisposition is, together with environmental stimuli, undoubtedly involved in the development of behaviour phenotypes. Underlying molecular mechanisms affecting behaviour in general and behaviour and productions traits in particular still have to be studied in detail. Therefore, we performed a genome‐wide association study in an F2 Charolais × German Holstein cross‐breed population to identify genetic variants that affect behaviour‐related traits assessed in an open‐field and novel‐object test and analysed their putative impact on milk performance. Of 37 201 tested single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), four showed a genome‐wide and 37 a chromosome‐wide significant association with behaviour traits assessed in both tests. Nine of the SNPs that were associated with behaviour traits likewise showed a nominal significant association with milk performance traits. On chromosomes 14 and 29, six SNPs were identified to be associated with exploratory behaviour and inactivity during the novel‐object test as well as with milk yield traits. Least squares means for behaviour and milk performance traits for these SNPs revealed that genotypes associated with higher inactivity and less exploratory behaviour promote higher milk yields. Whether these results are due to molecular mechanisms simultaneously affecting behaviour and milk performance or due to a behaviour predisposition, which causes indirect effects on milk performance by influencing individual reactivity, needs further investigation. 相似文献
107.
Birds often lose feathers during predation attempts, and thisability has evolved as a means of escape. Because predatorsare more likely to grab feathers on the rump and the back thanon the ventral side of an escaping bird, we predicted that theformer feathers would have evolved to be relatively looselyattached as an antipredator strategy in species that frequentlydie from predation. We estimated the force required to removefeathers from the rump, back, and breast by pulling featherswith a spring balance from a range of European bird speciesin an attempt to investigate ecological factors associated withease of feather loss during predation attempts. The force requiredto loosen a feather from the rump was less than that requiredto loosen a feather from back, which in turn was less than thatrequired to loosen a feather from the breast. The relative forceneeded to loosen rump feathers compared with feathers from theback and the breast was smaller for prey species preferred bythe most common predator of small passerine birds, the sparrowhawkAccipiter nisus. Likewise, the relative force was also smallerin species with a high frequency of complete tail loss amongfree-living birds, which we used as an index of the frequencyof failed predation attempts. The relative force required toremove feathers from the rump was smaller in species with ahigh frequency of fear screams, another measure of the relativeimportance of predation as a cause of death. Feather loss requiredparticularly little force among solitarily breeding bird speciesthat suffer the highest degree of predation. Antipredator defensein terms of force required to remove feathers from the rumpwas larger in species with a strong antiparasite defense interms of T-cellmediated immune response. These findingsare consistent with the hypothesis that different defenses areantagonistic and that they are traded off against each other. 相似文献
108.
Simultaneous Display of Multiple Foreign Peptides in the FliD Capping and FliC Filament Proteins of the Escherichia coli Flagellum
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Applied microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Katariina Majander Timo K. Korhonen Benita Westerlund-Wikstr?m 《Applied microbiology》2005,71(8):4263-4268
The bacterial flagellum is composed of more than 20 different proteins. The filament, which constitutes the major extracellular part of the flagellum, is built up of approximately 20,000 FliC molecules that assemble at the growing distal end of the filament. A capping structure composed of five FliD molecules located at the tip of the filament promotes polymerization of FliC. Lack of FliD leads to release of the subunits into the growth medium. We show here that FliD can be successfully used in bacterial surface display. We tested various insertion sites in the capping protein, and the optimal region for display was at the variable region in FliD. Deletion and/or insertion at other sites resulted in decreased formation of flagella. We further developed the technique into a multihybrid display system in which three foreign peptides are simultaneously expressed within the same flagellum, i.e., D repeats of FnBPA from Staphylococcus aureus at the tip and fragments of YadA from Yersinia enterocolitica as well as SlpA from Lactobacillus crispatus along the filament. This technology can have biotechnological applications, e.g., in simultaneous delivery of several effector molecules. 相似文献
109.
L V Loskutova M A Gilinski? 《Zhurnal vysshe? nervno? deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova》1987,37(6):1070-1074
Character of conditioned reaction of passive avoidance was analyzed in Wistar line male rats after neurochemical destruction of terminal dopaminergic fields of the amygdalar complex. 6-hydroxydopamine was bilaterally administered to the central nucleus of the amygdalar complex after preliminary treating with desmethylimipramine for selective destruction of dopaminergic terminals. Lowering of dopamine level in the amygdalar complex led to a weakening of reproduction and to prolongation of spontaneous extinction of conditioned reaction. Features of conditioned reaction are highly similar to the effect of latent inhibition connected with attention deficit. It is suggested that activity of terminal fields of the amygdalar complex is one of the mechanisms providing for attention and intensifying selection of information in learning. 相似文献