What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates?

The recycling of metals is widely viewed as a fruitful sustainability strategy, but little information is available on the degree to which recycling is actually taking place. This article provides an overview on the current knowledge of recycling rates for 60 metals. We propose various recycling metrics, discuss relevant aspects of recycling processes, and present current estimates on global end‐of‐life recycling rates (EOL‐RR; i.e., the percentage of a metal in discards that is actually recycled), recycled content (RC), and old scrap ratios (OSRs; i.e., the share of old scrap in the total scrap flow). Because of increases in metal use over time and long metal in‐use lifetimes, many RC values are low and will remain so for the foreseeable future. Because of relatively low efficiencies in the collection and processing of most discarded products, inherent limitations in recycling processes, and the fact that primary material is often relatively abundant and low‐cost (which thereby keeps down the price of scrap), many EOL‐RRs are very low: Only for 18 metals (silver, aluminum, gold, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, niobium, nickel, lead, palladium, platinum, rhenium, rhodium, tin, titanium, and zinc) is the EOL‐RR above 50% at present. Only for niobium, lead, and ruthenium is the RC above 50%, although 16 metals are in the 25% to 50% range. Thirteen metals have an OSR greater than 50%. These estimates may be used in considerations of whether recycling efficiencies can be improved; which metric could best encourage improved effectiveness in recycling; and an improved understanding of the dependence of recycling on economics, technology, and other factors.     

Engineering lysine‐rich caleosins as carrier proteins to render biotin as a hapten on artificial oil bodies for antibody production

It has been demonstrated that caleosin alone is sufficient to stabilize artificial oil bodies. A series of recombinant caleosins, mutated with 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, and 17 extra Lys residues and over‐expressed in Escherichia coli, were used as carrier proteins to render biotin as a hapten on the surface of artificial oil bodies for antibody production. Biotinylation levels of the recombinant caleosins were step‐wisely elevated as the number of extra Lys residues increased, and the biotinylated Lys residues were identified by mass spectrometric analysis. Polyclonal antibodies against biotin were successfully generated in rats injected with artificial oil bodies constituted with each of the biotinylated caleosins. Moreover, those generated via the biotinylated caleosins with eight or more extra Lys residues no longer recognized caleosin. It appears that engineered Lys‐rich caleosins are suitable carrier proteins for the production of antibodies against small molecules. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011     

Diversity,Community Composition,and Dynamics of Nonpigmented and Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria in an Urban Tap Water Production and Distribution System

Nonpigmented and late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have been reported to commonly colonize water production and distribution systems. However, there is little information about the nature and distribution of RGM species within the different parts of such complex networks or about their clustering into specific RGM species communities. We conducted a large-scale survey between 2007 and 2009 in the Parisian urban tap water production and distribution system. We analyzed 1,418 water samples from 36 sites, covering all production units, water storage tanks, and distribution units; RGM isolates were identified by using rpoB gene sequencing. We detected 18 RGM species and putative new species, with most isolates being Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium llatzerense. Using hierarchical clustering and principal-component analysis, we found that RGM were organized into various communities correlating with water origin (groundwater or surface water) and location within the distribution network. Water treatment plants were more specifically associated with species of the Mycobacterium septicum group. On average, M. chelonae dominated network sites fed by surface water, and M. llatzerense dominated those fed by groundwater. Overall, the M. chelonae prevalence index increased along the distribution network and was associated with a correlative decrease in the prevalence index of M. llatzerense, suggesting competitive or niche exclusion between these two dominant species. Our data describe the great diversity and complexity of RGM species living in the interconnected environments that constitute the water production and distribution system of a large city and highlight the prevalence index of the potentially pathogenic species M. chelonae in the distribution network.     

Roles of surface electrochemistry and macromolecular adsorption in heparin-induced red blood cell aggregation

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation in heparin-saline solution was quantified by microscopic observation. The adsorption isotherms of heparin onto normal and neuraminidase-treated RBC surfaces were determined by radioactive heparin labeled with 125I-Bolton-Hunter Reagent. RBC aggregation by heparin requires the presence of sialic acids at cell surface and was enhanced by reduction of ionic strength of the suspending medium. Adsorption of heparin onto RBC surface was increased by removal of sialic acids. These findings not only serve to elucidate the basic mechanism of cell-cell interaction mediated by negatively charged macromolecules, but also provide experimental evidence for the possible conformational change of macromolecules at the charged surface.     

Spongelike alginate nanoparticles as a new potential system for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides.

The aim of this study was to design a new antisense oligonucleotide (ON) carrier system based on alginate nanoparticles and to investigate its ability to protect ON from degradation in the presence of serum. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ON-loaded nanoparticles have been determined after intravenous administration. An original and dynamic process for ON loading into polymeric nanoparticles has been applied. It is based on the diffusion of ON or ON/polylysine complex into the nanoparticle or the alginate gel, respectively. Indeed, the single coincubation of ON with nanoparticles led, within a few days, to an extremely efficient association. The diffusion kinetic of ON was shown to be dependent on several parameters, incubation temperature, ON concentration, presence or absence of polylysine, polylysine molecular weight, and nanoparticle preparation procedure. This new alginate-based system was found to be able to protect [33P]-radiolabeled ON from degradation in bovine serum medium and to modify their biodistribution, as an important accumulation of radioactivity was observed in the lungs, in the liver, and in the spleen after intravenous administration into mice. ON may be associated efficiently with calcium alginate in a colloidal state. Such nanosponges are promising carriers for specific delivery of ON to lungs, liver, and spleen.     

Effect of Feed Restriction on Performance and Postprandial Nutrient Metabolism in Pigs Co-Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Swine Influenza Virus

As nutritional status and inflammation are strongly connected, feeding and nutritional strategies could be effective to improve the ability of pigs to cope with disease. The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of a feed restriction on the ability of pigs to resist and be tolerant to a coinfection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and the European H1N1 swine influenza virus, and the consequences for nutrient metabolism, with a focus on amino acids. Two groups of specific pathogen-free pigs were inoculated with Mhp and H1N1 21 days apart. One group was fed ad libitum, the other group was subjected to a two-week 40% feed restriction starting one week before H1N1 infection. The two respective mock control groups were included. Three days post-H1N1 infection, 200 g of feed was given to pigs previously fasted overnight and serial blood samples were taken over 4 hours to measure plasma nutrient concentrations. Throughout the study, clinical signs were observed and pathogens were detected in nasal swabs and lung tissues. Feed-restricted pigs presented shorter hyperthermia and a positive mean weight gain over the 3 days post-H1N1 infection whereas animals fed ad libitum lost weight. Both infection and feed restriction reduced postprandial glucose concentrations, indicating changes in glucose metabolism. Post-prandial plasma concentrations of the essential amino acids histidine, arginine and threonine were lower in co-infected pigs suggesting a greater use of those amino acids for metabolic purposes associated with the immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that modifying feeding practices could help to prepare animals to overcome an influenza infection. Connections with metabolism changes are discussed.     

Effect of dilution rate on eicosapentaenoic acid productivity ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum utex 640 in outdoor chemostat culture

Summary Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) volumetric productivity from an outdoor chemostat culture ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 in a 50-l tubular photobioreactor varies with dilution rate, reaching a maximum of 47.8 mg l^–1 d^–1 at D=0.36 d^–1. Continuous culture at high dilution rates' is proposed as the most adequate operating mode to maximize polyunsaturated fatty acid production.     

Differential apoptotic pathways activated in response to Cu-induced or HOCl-induced LDL oxidation in U937 monocytic cell line

We compared the apoptotic mechanism involved in U937 human monocytic cell line in presence of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) obtained after treatment with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or copper (Cu).Both types of oxLDL induced U937 apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. In contrast to HOCl-oxLDL, Cu-oxLDL induced apoptosis via a caspase-independent mechanism, with no activation of pro-caspase-3, but via the release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria.The apoptotic program of the monocyte differs depending on the mode of LDL oxidation, based on differences in the oxidatively modified components of the two oxLDL types.