Biotic and abiotic factors determining the distribution of two prawn species: Palaemon adspersus and P. squilla

Summary The reasons behind the absence of the prawn Palaemon adspersus and the presence of P. squilla in rockpools and on bare sand bottoms were studied. Some maximal abundances in different habitats are given. Introduction experiments into natural and artificial rockpools and measurements of tolerance towards low oxygen levels showed that nocturnal hypoxia excluded P. adspersus which was significantly more sensitive to oxygen depletion. Respiration rates measured by the closed-bottle method showed no interspecific difference.On bare sand bottoms P. aspersus was probably excluded by predators, since predator exclusion experiments in cages and predator inclusion experiments in containers showed that P. adaspersus was more vulnerable to predation than P. squilla.The costs for being able to cope with a wide array of habitat in P. squilla are probably balanced by the benefits of access to habitats such as intertidal rockpools, very shallow bottoms and deeper sand bottoms. Tolerance towards abiotic factors extends its habitat range upwards into shallower waters, and tolerance towards biotic factors, i.e. predation, extends it downwards.     

Palynological study of a holocene peat and a miocene coal deposit from NW Borneo

The development of a Holocene peat near Marudi (Sarawak) and a Miocene coal near Berakas (Brunei) is studied pollen-analytically and stratigraphically by comparison with present-day swamp vegetation along the NW Bornean coast. A number of 76 pollen and spore types were recognized and are briefly diagnosed.The Marudi profile starts on mangrove sediment and shows a succession which is closely comparable to the present-day zonation of the large raised bog of which it forms part.The Berakas profile starts on fluviatile sediments and remains in the mixed swamp forest stage. This small deposit has remained close to the coast and peat growth is terminated by marine transgression.The floristic composition of the mixed swamp forest stage in both bogs, separated in age by approximately seven million years is closely comparable. Minor differences which exist can be attributed to differences in size, ecologic conditions and accessibility from mainland reservoirs.Only on spore type, Stenochlaena areolaris has become extinct in Borneo.     

New insights in the cellular processing of platinum antitumor compounds, using fluorophore-labeled platinum complexes and digital fluorescence microscopy

The cellular distribution and processing pathways of two platinum compounds, modeling the antitumor drug cisplatin (cDDP) in human osteosarcoma (U2-OS) cells is reported. A [Pt(en)Cl] entity has been covalently linked to a carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) moiety and to a dinitrophenyl (DNP) moiety. The two different constructs were administered to living cell cultures that were analyzed using digital fluorescence microscopy. The non-fluorescent CFDA construct becomes fluorescent after cellular uptake and subsequent acetate hydrolysis by esterases, and is therefore suitable to monitor platinum in living cells; the DNP construct can be visualized by immunocytochemistry and consequently serves as a control. Both complexes were readily internalized by the cells, and localized throughout the whole cell. After 2-3 h the complex accumulated in the nucleus, but 6-8 h after incubation a punctuate staining of a cytoplasmic region was observed, that persisted and became more pronounced after 24 h. The overall fluorescence in the cell decreased over time, implying a secretion of the platinum complex. Surprisingly, the accumulation remained visible after 72 h. Co-localization experiments with a Golgi apparatus-selective stain indicate the involvement of Golgi vesicles in intracellular processing of cisplatin-derived complexes. Immunocytochemical studies, using the DNP derivative, resulted in very similar images as obtained with the CFDA construct. CFDA-boc (a non-platinum-containing fluorescein derivative) was used as control: a faint staining throughout the whole cell was observed. Cisplatin-resistant U2-OS/Pt cells showed staining patterns very similar to the U2-OS cells using both platinum constructs. This study illustrates that only a very small portion of the platinum complex eventually remains bound to DNA, as after 24 h no significant fluorescence could be observed in the nucleus. Cisplatin-derived complexes with fluorescent tags afford a new insight into the cellular processing of these complexes and therefore may contribute to further unraveling of the mechanism of platinum antitumor complexes.     

Geochemistry and microbial ecology in alkaline hot springs of Ambitle Island,Papua New Guinea

The availability of microbiological and geochemical data from island-based and high-arsenic hydrothermal systems is limited. Here, the microbial diversity in island-based hot springs on Ambitle Island (Papua New Guinea) was investigated using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Waramung and Kapkai are alkaline springs high in sulfide and arsenic, related hydrologically to previously described hydrothermal vents in nearby Tutum Bay. Enrichments were carried out at 24 conditions with varying temperature (45, 80 °C), pH (6.5, 8.5), terminal electron acceptors (O₂, SO₄ ^2?, S⁰, NO₃ ^?), and electron donors (organic carbon, H₂, As^III). Growth was observed in 20 of 72 tubes, with media targeting heterotrophic metabolisms the most successful. 16S ribosomal RNA gene surveys of environmental samples revealed representatives in 15 bacterial phyla and 8 archaeal orders. While the Kapkai 4 bacterial clone library is primarily made up of Thermodesulfobacteria (74 %), no bacterial taxon represents a majority in the Kapkai 3 and Waramung samples (40 % Proteobacteria and 39 % Aquificae, respectively). Deinococcus/Thermus and Thermotogae are observed in all samples. The Thermococcales dominate the archaeal clone libraries (65–85 %). Thermoproteales, Desulfurococcales, and uncultured Eury- and Crenarchaeota make up the remaining archaeal taxonomic diversity. The culturing and phylogenetic results are consistent with the geochemistry of the alkaline, saline, and sulfide-rich fluids. When compared to other alkaline, island-based, high-arsenic, or shallow-sea hydrothermal communities, the Ambitle Island archaeal communities are unique in geochemical conditions, and in taxonomic diversity, richness, and evenness.     

Differential responses of freshwater wetland soils to sulphate pollution

Sulphate (SO₄ ^2-)reduction rates are generally low in freshwaterwetlands and are regulated by the scarceavailability of the ion. Increasedconcentrations of this electron acceptor due tosulphur (S) pollution of groundwater andsurface water may, however, lead to highSO₄ ^2- reduction rates now regulatedby the availability of appropriate electrondonors. Due to variations in this availability,the response to S pollution (e.g. from surfacewater or groundwater) is expected to differbetween soils. This hypothesis was tested inlaboratory mesocosm experiments by comparingtwo wetland soil types with distinctlydifferent humus profiles: a Hydromoder and aRhizomull type. In the first type, expected tohave a higher availability of degradable soilorganic matter (SOM), SO₄ ^2-availability appeared to be rate limiting forSO₄ ^2- reduction. In the Rhizomullsoils, in contrast, the electron acceptor didnot limit SO₄ ^2- reduction rates athigher concentrations. These differences inresponse could not, however, be attributed todifferences in the various SOM fractions or inSOM densities. Eutrophication and free sulphideaccumulation, two major biogeochemical problemscaused by SO₄ ^2- pollution, occurredin both types. The absolute extent ofphosphorus mobilisation was determined by theconcentration of this element in the soil (C/Pratio), while the level of sulphideaccumulation was governed by the concentrationof dissolved iron in the pore water. It wastherefore concluded that neither the humusprofile nor the concentrations of different SOMfractions in the soils are reliable indicatorsfor the sensitivity of wetland types to Spollution.     

Development of a 16S rRNA gene-based prototype microarray for the detection of selected actinomycetes genera

Actinomycetes are known for their secondary metabolites, which have been successfully used as drugs in human and veterinary medicines. However, information on the distribution of this group of Gram-positive bacteria in diverse ecosystems and a comprehension of their activities in ecosystem processes are still scarce. We have developed a 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray that targets key actinomycetes at the genus level. In total, 113 actinomycete 16S rRNA probes, corresponding to 55 of the 202 described genera, were designed. The microarray accuracy was evaluated by comparing signal intensities with probe/target-weighted mismatch values and the Gibbs energy of the probe/target duplex formation by hybridizing 17 non-actinomycete and 29 actinomycete strains/clones with the probe set. The validation proved that the probe set was specific, with only 1.3% of false results. The incomplete coverage of actinomycetes by a genus-specific probe was caused by the limited number of 16S rRNA gene sequences in databases or insufficient 16S rRNA gene polymorphism. The microarray enabled discrimination between actinomycete communities from three forest soil samples collected at one site. Cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from one of the soil samples confirmed the microarray results. We propose that this newly constructed microarray will be a valuable tool for genus-level comparisons of actinomycete communities in various ecological conditions.