全文获取类型
收费全文 | 58979篇 |
免费 | 5521篇 |
国内免费 | 39篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 428篇 |
2021年 | 881篇 |
2020年 | 547篇 |
2019年 | 668篇 |
2018年 | 836篇 |
2017年 | 765篇 |
2016年 | 1223篇 |
2015年 | 2051篇 |
2014年 | 2256篇 |
2013年 | 2937篇 |
2012年 | 3689篇 |
2011年 | 3808篇 |
2010年 | 2463篇 |
2009年 | 2182篇 |
2008年 | 3131篇 |
2007年 | 3256篇 |
2006年 | 3169篇 |
2005年 | 3033篇 |
2004年 | 2907篇 |
2003年 | 2744篇 |
2002年 | 2675篇 |
2001年 | 689篇 |
2000年 | 617篇 |
1999年 | 785篇 |
1998年 | 873篇 |
1997年 | 657篇 |
1996年 | 575篇 |
1995年 | 529篇 |
1994年 | 504篇 |
1993年 | 521篇 |
1992年 | 602篇 |
1991年 | 529篇 |
1990年 | 534篇 |
1989年 | 511篇 |
1988年 | 476篇 |
1987年 | 427篇 |
1986年 | 426篇 |
1985年 | 481篇 |
1984年 | 555篇 |
1983年 | 456篇 |
1982年 | 563篇 |
1981年 | 570篇 |
1980年 | 460篇 |
1979年 | 394篇 |
1978年 | 392篇 |
1977年 | 351篇 |
1976年 | 389篇 |
1975年 | 280篇 |
1974年 | 318篇 |
1973年 | 329篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
Bruce Y. Lee Sarah M. Bartsch Marie C. Ferguson Patrick T. Wedlock Kelly J. OShea Sheryl S. Siegmund Sarah N. Cox James A. McKinnell 《PLoS computational biology》2021,17(1)
Finding medications or vaccines that may decrease the infectious period of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could potentially reduce transmission in the broader population. We developed a computational model of the U.S. simulating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential clinical and economic impact of reducing the infectious period duration. Simulation experiments found that reducing the average infectious period duration could avert a median of 442,852 [treating 25% of symptomatic cases, reducing by 0.5 days, reproductive number (R0) 3.5, and starting treatment when 15% of the population has been exposed] to 44.4 million SARS-CoV-2 cases (treating 75% of all infected cases, reducing by 3.5 days, R0 2.0). With R0 2.5, reducing the average infectious period duration by 0.5 days for 25% of symptomatic cases averted 1.4 million cases and 99,398 hospitalizations; increasing to 75% of symptomatic cases averted 2.8 million cases. At $500/person, treating 25% of symptomatic cases saved $209.5 billion (societal perspective). Further reducing the average infectious period duration by 3.5 days averted 7.4 million cases (treating 25% of symptomatic cases). Expanding treatment to 75% of all infected cases, including asymptomatic infections (R0 2.5), averted 35.9 million cases and 4 million hospitalizations, saving $48.8 billion (societal perspective and starting treatment after 5% of the population has been exposed). Our study quantifies the potential effects of reducing the SARS-CoV-2 infectious period duration. 相似文献
142.
143.
144.
Abstract. The ecological roles of small (1–1000 mg) predators in benthic marine systems are poorly understood. We investigated the natural history and predatory impact of one group of such mesopredators—larvae of dipteran flies in the genus Oedoparena —which prey on intertidal barnacles. We 1) quantified patterns of larval Oedoparena distribution and abundance in the Northwest Straits of Washington State, USA, 2) determined larval physiological tolerance limits in the laboratory, and 3) conducted a manipulative field experiment to assess the role of microhabitat temperature on predation rates in Oedoparena . Members of Oedoparena in Washington are univoltine, with peak larval abundance in late spring and early summer. Infestation frequencies in the barnacles Balanus glandula and Chthamalus dalli were as high as 22% and 35%, respectively. In laboratory studies, larvae of O . glauca were able to tolerate temperatures up to 37°C; however, this temperature is often exceeded in high intertidal habitats. In a field manipulation using experimental shades, we demonstrate that the alleviation of physiological stress greatly increased the abundance of larvae of Oedoparena spp. As a result of increased larval densities under shades, adult B. glandula mortality increased from 5% to nearly 30%, and C. dalli mortality increased from less than 20% to over 60%. Because high intertidal barnacles serve as food and habitat for a diverse array of species, Oedoparena spp. have the potential to play a major role in structuring high intertidal communities, particularly in cooler microhabitats. 相似文献
145.
Cutting edge: precursor frequency affects the helper dependence of cytotoxic T cells. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Justine D Mintern Gayle M Davey Gabrielle T Belz Francis R Carbone William R Heath 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2002,168(3):977-980
Generation of CTL immunity often depends on the availability of CD4 T cell help. In this report, we show that CTL responses induced by cross-priming can be converted from CD4-dependent to CD4-independent by increasing the frequency of CTL precursors. In the absence of CD4 T cells, high numbers of CTL precursors were able to expand in number and become effector CTL. The ability of high frequencies of CD8 T cells to override help was not due to their ability to signal CD40 via expression of CD154. These findings suggest that when precursor frequencies are high, priming of CD8 T cell responses may not require CD4 T cell help. 相似文献
146.
A Macintosh Hypertalk program (Hypercard stack)for use in phylogenetic comparative analysis of RNA structureis described. The program identifies covariations and compensatorychanges in RNA sequence alignments, for use in the constructionof secondary structure models or the identification of tertiaryinteractions. The results of an analysis are presented eitheras a list of positions in the alignment which covary, or asa 2-dimensional matrix in which potential helices in the secondarystructure appear as diagonal patterns.
Received on January 7, 1991; accepted on March 19, 1991 相似文献
147.
Tristan J. Iseli Nigel Turner Xiao-Yi Zeng Gregory J. Cooney Edward W. Kraegen Sheng Yao Yang Ye David E. James Ji-Ming Ye 《PloS one》2013,8(4)
We recently showed that bitter melon-derived triterpenoids (BMTs) activate AMPK and increase GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in vitro, and improve glucose disposal in insulin resistant models in vivo. Here we interrogated the mechanism by which these novel compounds activate AMPK, a leading anti-diabetic drug target. BMTs did not activate AMPK directly in an allosteric manner as AMP or the Abbott compound (A-769662) does, nor did they activate AMPK by inhibiting cellular respiration like many commonly used anti-diabetic medications. BMTs increased AMPK activity in both L6 myotubes and LKB1-deficient HeLa cells by 20–35%. Incubation with the CaMKKβ inhibitor, STO-609, completely attenuated this effect suggesting a key role for CaMKKβ in this activation. Incubation of L6 myotubes with the calcium chelator EGTA-AM did not alter this activation suggesting that the BMT-dependent activation was Ca2+-independent. We therefore propose that CaMKKβ is a key upstream kinase for BMT-induced activation of AMPK. 相似文献
148.
Francis A. Cucinotta 《PloS one》2015,10(3)
The prediction of space radiation induced cancer risk carries large uncertainties with two of the largest uncertainties being radiation quality and dose-rate effects. In risk models the ratio of the quality factor (QF) to the dose and dose-rate reduction effectiveness factor (DDREF) parameter is used to scale organ doses for cosmic ray proton and high charge and energy (HZE) particles to a hazard rate for γ-rays derived from human epidemiology data. In previous work, particle track structure concepts were used to formulate a space radiation QF function that is dependent on particle charge number Z, and kinetic energy per atomic mass unit, E. QF uncertainties where represented by subjective probability distribution functions (PDF) for the three QF parameters that described its maximum value and shape parameters for Z and E dependences. Here I report on an analysis of a maximum QF parameter and its uncertainty using mouse tumor induction data. Because experimental data for risks at low doses of γ-rays are highly uncertain which impacts estimates of maximum values of relative biological effectiveness (RBEmax), I developed an alternate QF model, denoted QFγAcute where QFs are defined relative to higher acute γ-ray doses (0.5 to 3 Gy). The alternate model reduces the dependence of risk projections on the DDREF, however a DDREF is still needed for risk estimates for high-energy protons and other primary or secondary sparsely ionizing space radiation components. Risk projections (upper confidence levels (CL)) for space missions show a reduction of about 40% (CL∼50%) using the QFγAcute model compared the QFs based on RBEmax and about 25% (CL∼35%) compared to previous estimates. In addition, I discuss how a possible qualitative difference leading to increased tumor lethality for HZE particles compared to low LET radiation and background tumors remains a large uncertainty in risk estimates. 相似文献
149.
James S. Farris Mari Källersjö 《Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society》1995,11(4):377-379
Abstract — Lefkovitch's formula for the probability of incompatibility between two binary characters can give incorrect results because it redundantly counts some possible compatibilities. The inaccuracy occurs when the characters have the same number of terminals showing the apomorphic state. 相似文献
150.
Adoption of reduced‐impact logging (RIL) methods could reduce CO2 emissions by 30–50% across at least 20% of remaining tropical forests. We developed two cost effective and robust indices for comparing the climate benefits (reduced CO2 emissions) due to RIL. The indices correct for variability in the volume of commercial timber among concessions. We determined that a correction for variability in terrain slope was not needed. We found that concessions certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC, N = 3), when compared with noncertified concessions (N = 6), did not have lower overall CO2 emissions from logging activity (felling, skidding, and hauling). On the other hand, FSC certified concessions did have lower emissions from one type of logging impact (skidding), and we found evidence of a range of improved practices using other field metrics. One explanation of these results may be that FSC criteria and indicators, and associated RIL practices, were not designed to achieve overall emissions reductions. Also, commonly used field metrics are not reliable proxies for overall logging emissions performance. Furthermore, the simple distinction between certified and noncertified concessions does not fully represent the complex history of investments in improved logging practices. To clarify the relationship between RIL and emissions reductions, we propose the more explicit term ‘RIL‐C’ to refer to the subset of RIL practices that can be defined by quantified thresholds and that result in measurable emissions reductions. If tropical forest certification is to be linked with CO2 emissions reductions, certification standards need to explicitly require RIL‐C practices. 相似文献