In vitro metabolism or testosterone by breast microcysts

Breast microcysts are considered to be a normal findings in the adult female breast without any increased risk of developing carcinomatous change. Breast cysts fluid contains steroid but not studies have been reported on the ability of breast microcysts to metabolise steroid hormones. It was, therefore, the aim of this study to identify the metabolites formed on incubation of radiolabelled testosterone with microcysts. In all instances dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione were formed. Oestrogens were not identified. Tis study, therefore, provides evidence for th presence of 5-alpha-reductase and 17-oxidoreductase enzyme systems in breast microcysts.     

Variations in the anterior patellar groove of the human femur

An analysis of the anterior patellar groove of the human femur shows considerable variation in its medial and lateral spects. The groove itself, measured by the angle it encloses, shows considerably less variation than its individual components. The suggested functional relationship between bicondylar angle and lateral elevation of the patellar groove does not obtain for this sample.     

Tissue factor expression in newt iris coincides with thrombin activation and lens regeneration

Lens regeneration in adult salamanders occurs at the pupillary margin of the mid-dorsal iris where pigmented epithelial cells (PEC) re-enter the cell cycle and transdifferentiate into lens. It is not understood how the injury caused by removal of the lens (lentectomy) in one location is linked to initiating the response in a different spatial location (dorsal iris) and to this particular sector. We propose that the blood provides a link between the localised coagulation and signal transduction pathways that lead to regeneration. A transmembrane protein (tissue factor) is expressed in a striking patch-like domain in the dorsal iris of the newt that localises coagulation specifically to this location, but is not expressed in the axolotl, a related species that does not show thrombin activation after lentectomy and cannot regenerate its lens. Our hypothesis is that tissue factor expression localises the initiation of regeneration through the activation of thrombin and the recruitment of blood cells, leading to local growth factor release. This is the first example of gene expression in a patch of cells that prefigures the location of a regenerative response, and links the immune system with the initiation of a regenerative program.     

The Escherichia coli dnaW mutation is an allele of the adk gene

Summary A dnaW mutant, isolated on the basis of inability to effect conjugal DNA transfer at high temperature, has been shown by complementation and enzyme assay to be defective in the adk (adenylate kinase; EC 2.7.4.3) locus. The adk mutant, known to have reduced ATP concentration at the nonpermissive temperature (Cousin and Belaich 1966), was used to demonstrate a donor energy requirement for stable aggregate formation and for chromosome transfer in conjugation.     

Intraspinal Tumors in Children

Thirty cases of intraspinal neoplasms occurring during the first two decades of life are reviewed. Histologic examination showed 13 of these to be astrocytomas, 6 neuroblastomas, 5 sarcomas, 3 ependymomas, 2 neurofibromas and 1 a schwannoma. Orthopedic deformities developed or worsened in 60 percent of patients surviving longer than a year after diagnosis. In five patients some form of endocrine deficiency developed after irradiation. For treatment of radiosensitive extradural malignant lesions, biopsy followed by irradiation is advocated.     

A landscape of shifting-mosaic steady state in Lassen Volcanic National Park,California

It is generally perceived that landscape patterns or textures in a given protected area are spatially stationary. The findings of this study suggest that this common perception is only partially correct. Over the course of 52 years, equilibrium in landscape shifting was detected using digital data for the Lassen Volcanic National Park (USA). Vertical aerial photographs taken of the park in 1941 were geo-referenced with the digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle (DOQQ) images of the same area from 1993 to identify landscape compositions and to measure change. Spatial analysis was used to observe pattern changes over time. The results suggested that landscape development maintained equilibrium while patches were in various stages of a successional sequence. The total area of each landscape component held steady, although over time patches throughout the landscape changed—a shifting-mosaic steady state (SMSS). These findings reflect the limitations of contemporary environmental conservation theory. They also suggest the importance of considering landscape change in policies that currently govern park planning and management.