Sustainable ecotourism in Costa Rica: the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve

The paper discusses the sustainability of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in the context of Costa Rican ecotourism. While the history of the Preserve is somewhat unique, the analysis of visitation, financial, ecological and economic factors provides a convincing case that tourism at the Preserve is sustainable. The experience of the Preserve is also put in the context of Costa Rican ecotourism, particularly to the national parks. The paper concludes that the Preserve has played a very important role in the development of Costa Rica as an ecotourism destination. Nonetheless, the failure of experience at the Preserve to inform recent changes in national park pricing policy reveal that Costa Rica has yet to fully capitalize on the experience gained and lessons learned at the Preserve.     

Role of endogenous gibberellins in germination of melon (Cucumis melo) seeds

The effect of the plant growth retardants ancymidol. mefluidide and uniconazole on germination of two melon accessions differing in their ability to germinate at 14°C was examined. The accessions were the cold sensitive Noy Yizre'el and the cold tolerant Persia 202. The three growth retardants were able to delay the germination of intact Noy Yizre'el seeds, but did not affect that of intact Persia 202 seeds. On the other hand germination of decoated seeds of both accessions was unaffected by these inhibitors at normal oxygen concentration, but was inhibited at 5% oxygen. When gibberellin-like activity was measured by a dwarf rice biological assay following HPLC fractionation, it was found that seeds of Persia 202 contained much more gibberellin-like activity than Noy Yizre'el seeds. Among the extracted compounds several endogenous gibberellins were identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). They included GA₄, GA₂₀, GA₁ and GA₃ in Noy Yizre'el and GA₃₄, GA₂₀, GA₁ and GA₈ in Persia 202. It is suggested that the better germination of intact Persia 202 seeds, compared to Noy Yizre'el seeds at low temperature and low oxygen concentration, is due to a higher endogenous level of GA and a better seed coat permeability to oxygen.     

Neurochemical effects ofl-pyroglutamic acid

The effect ofl-pyroglutamic acid, a metabolite that accumulates in pyroglutamic aciduria, on different neurochemical parameters was investigated in adult male Wistar rats. Glutamate binding, adenylate cyclase activity and G protein coupling to adenylate cyclase were assayed in the presence of the acid.l-pyroglutamic acid decreased Na⁺-dependent and Na⁺-independent glutamate binding Basal and GMP-PNP stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were not affected by the acid. Furthermore, rats received unilateral intrastriatal injections of 10–300 nmol of bufferedl-pyroglutamic acid. Vehicle (0.25 M Tris-Cl, pH 7.35–7.4) was injected into the contralateral striatum. Neurotoxic damage was assessed seven days after the injection by histological examination and by weighing both cerebral hemispheres. No difference in histology or weight could be identified between hemispheres. These results suggest that, although capable of interfering with glutamate binding, pyroglutamate did not cause a major lesion in the present model of neurotoxicity.     

The Fcu controlling-element system in maize

Summary The relationship between the Fcu controlling-element system and the spotted-dilute R system was investigated. The Fcu controlling-element system consists of the receptor element allele r-cu and the regulatory element Fcu. The equivalent components of the spotted-dilute R system are respectively R-r#2 (or R-r#2 Dil) and Spf. The R-r#2 allele of the latter system was shown to be responsive (mutable) to Fcu, provided that it has had an uninterrupted association with Dil or Dpf as evidenced by the color variegation of the aleurone tissue. The reverse test, in which the r-cu allele of the Fcu controlling element system was tested for its response to Spf, proved negative. This was surprising in view of the relationship and specificity between systems. The possibility was considered that maize controlling elements may have different sizes as is known for bacterial insertion sequences. —The variable dilute pigmenting capacity of the r-cu allele also was studied. A given level of r-cu-induced pigmentation, despite the wide range in pigmentation expression, was found to be generally non-heritable, as based on a test of correspondence between parent and progeny.Journal Paper No. J-9204 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1884Now with Funk's Seeds, Casalmorano (Cremona), Italy     

Fitting multiple trajectories simultaneously to a model of inducible enzyme synthesis

The iterative scheme described by Milstein [6] is used to estimate the rate constants of a model describing an inducible enzyme system. The model was formulated by Heinmets [5], and was mathematically analyzed by Roth and Roth [9] using Bellman's quasilinearization technique. The method used in this article makes use of multiple trajectories of the system to obtain a set of parameters which fit the data of all trajectories simultaneously. A comparison of the numerical results is presented. The data used in the calculations were generated in a similar way to that of Roth and Roth. However, we introduce into each datum 5% noise from a random number generator uniformly distributed [0,1].     

Heteronarce rierai,a new narkid ray from Mozambique,western Indian ocean

Heteronarce rierai sp. nov. is described on the basis of six specimens, one male and five females, caught in the waters off Mozambique (western Indian Ocean). Total lengths range from 257 to 296 mm. The new species is distinguished from the three other species of the genusHeteronarce by its narrower disc width (29.6% of TL in male, and 33.0 to 39.2% of TL in females), shorter disc length (32.7% of TL in male, and 34.4 to 40.6% of TL in females), and its longer interdorsal distance (10.1 to 11.7% of TL).