Structural studies on glycolipids. Part 1: 220 MHz pmr spectra of acetylated galactocerebrosides

The pmr spectra of fully acetylated 2S: 3R-2 amino-trans-4 octadecene-1, 3 diol (sphingosine) (lb), 2S : 3R-2 aminooctadecane-1, 3 diol (dihydrosphingosine) (2b), 1-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-2S : 3R-2 tetracosanoylamido-trans-4 octadecene-1, 3 diol (cerasine) (3b), and 1-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-2S : 3R-2 (2′ hydroxy) tetracosanoylamido-trans-4 octadecene-1, 3 diol (phrenosine) (4b), were determined in chloroform-d, acetone-d₆, and benzene-d₆ at 220 MHz. The relative chemical shifts of the various protons in the three solvents were different enough as to permit configurational and conformational information to be derived by partial first order analysis.     

Luminance artifacts of cathode-ray tube displays for vision research.

Phosphor persistence, video bandwidth, DC restoration and high-voltage regulation affect the appearance of images presented on cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), potentially resulting in differences between nominal and actual stimuli. We illustrate these effects by measuring physical parameters of horizontal and vertical static and counter-phase flickering gratings, and we illustrate problems for vision research by measuring contrast sensitivity to these gratings. We also measured the extent to which calibration protocols actually result in the monitor being calibrated over its entire area regardless of image size. The results of our physical measurements indicate substantial differences between gratings that nominally differ only as to orientation. Consistent with these differences, our psychophysical measurements indicate different sensitivities when the bars of the gratings are parallel or orthogonal to raster lines, regardless of the retinal orientation of the gratings. The results of our calibration check show that only a small region around the target area of calibration can be regarded as effectively linearized, and only if the size of the test image used during the check is similar to the size of the calibration patch. Overall, our results indicate potentially severe problems with the use of CRTs in vision research, and we discuss some published results that are likely to have been affected by these problems.     

On the preservation of avian blood cells

The functional state of erythrocytes from hen during their conservation with a preserving solution for 24 days at 4 degrees C, has been estimated by studying some biochemical and hemorheological parameters. Results show an initial phase in the preservation period (4-5 days) in which red blood cells maintain their values at levels similar to those at the beginning of the experience, except for osmotic resistance. Furthermore a progressive erythrocyte deformability loss, linked to ATP depletion (with rise in inorganic phosphate levels) as well as a gradually higher rate of hemolysis, were detected.     

Partial 1p monosomy in a physically and mentally retarded boy

An 8-year-old boy is reported with marked mental and physical retardation, microcephaly, hypertelorism, mongoloid palpebral fissures, hypoplasia of the maxillary portion of the face, and other discrete anomalies. Deletion of the distal portion of the short arm of the chromosome 1 and the karyotype 46,XY, del(1)(p33----pter) was detected.     

Methylamine does not inhibit rates of endogenous lipolysis in isolated myocardial cells from rat heart

Triacylglycerol lipase activity with a pH optimum of 5 was present in homogenates of myocardial cells from rat heart. Acid lipase activity was inhibited by serum, heparin, and increased ionic strength. Methylamine, a lysosomotropic agent, did not inhibit the basal or isoproterenol-stimulated rate of endogenous lipolysis as measured by glycerol output from control myocytes. Similarly, accelerated rates of glycerol output that are a consequence of an elevation in the intracellular stores of triacylglycerols in myocytes from diabetic rat hearts and from myocytes prepared with free fatty acids in the isolation solutions were not reduced by methylamine. Therefore, the acid lysosomal triacylglycerol lipase must not be involved in the mobilization of endogenous triacylglycerols in myocardial cells from rat heart.     

Testing a model of excitatory interactions between oscillators

The experimentally observed influence of regularly arriving tugs upon the AP discharge of the slowly-adapting stretch receptor organ (SAO) of crayfish was compared to a model of pacemaker excitatory synaptic interactions (Segundo and Kohn 1981). Criteria for compliance referred to facets as A) the excitation, B) the postulates, and C) the behavior. A) Excitation was implied primarily by the tug initially increasing the AP rate (it subsequently decreased it). B) The pacemaker AP discharges, and with more reason the electronically driven tugs, were considered acceptably regular sequence (postulate i). Tugs advanced the next AP (postulate ii); the "delay function" plots of delays vs. phases, i.e. interval shortenings vs. the time from the last AP to the tug, were close to the V of postulate iii, even though the shortest phases tended to postpone the next AP and the longest ones did not trigger immediately but with an around 5 ms latency. These effects were displayed also as "old phase vs. new phase" plots. The interval following that with the tug tended to be lengthened, but the pre-tug timing was not recovered. C) Behavior during a train of excitatory events, both in model and experiments, went through very similar initial settlings and eventual steady-states. The latter were characterized in the model by 1. an average excitatory vs. excited rate display formed by an endless number of segments with all positive rational slopes separated by negative-going discontinuities, 2. locking in the sense of preferential phases, and 3. periodic repetition of the same phases and inter-AP intervals. Experimental results were compatible with this. Such behavior was absent when the tug sequence was highly irregular. The initial settling, in the SAO as in the model, depended jointly on the first phase phi 1 and the intertug interval E. If the former was under lambda, it went through one or two monotonic phase-decreasing stages (one smaller, the other larger, than lambda), or through a single increasing one, depending on E being smaller or greater than, respectively, an estimated but never actually observed E leading to unstable lockings. If the initial phase was greater than lambda, settling with E's under rN + lambda involved jumps between larger than and smaller than lambda phases; with E's over rn + lambda, it involved an intermediate stable locking with phi = E-rN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Humic acids inhibit the formation but not the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

Humic acids in the form of potassium humate (KH), at concentrations exerting a strong inhibitory effect on the formation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) when present during the nitrosation of N-methylurea (MU) at pH 3, did not reduce the mutagenicity of preformed MNU in Tradescantia, clone 4430. The inhibitory effect of 20 mg/ml KH corresponds approximately to that of 3.75 mM (0.66 mg/ml) ascorbic acid towards the formation of MNU from the mixture of 7.5 mM MU + 7.5 mM NaNO2.     

Cytochemical localization of calcium in renal sac nephrocytes of Helix aspersa

In renal sac nephrocytes of Helix aspersa, intracellular calcium has been localized using the oxalate-pyroantimonate (OPA) and phosphate-pyroantimonate (PPA) methods. Pyroantimonate precipitates are preferentially localized in the excretory spherule and in vesicles located in the basal and lateral regions of the nephrocyte. Such vesicles appear to release their content into the excretory vacuole. Calcium may interact with diverse types of molecules present in the excretory vacuole, thus favouring stabilization and packaging of the excretory spherule.