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951.
Yaoqi Li Peter B. Reich Bernhard Schmid Nawal Shrestha Xiao Feng Tong Lyu Brian S. Maitner Xiaoting Xu Yichao Li Dongting Zou Zheng‐Hong Tan Xiangyan Su Zhiyao Tang Qinghua Guo Xiaojuan Feng Brian J. Enquist Zhiheng Wang 《Ecology letters》2020,23(6):1003-1013
A key challenge in ecology is to understand the relationships between organismal traits and ecosystem processes. Here, with a novel dataset of leaf length and width for 10 480 woody dicots in China and 2374 in North America, we show that the variation in community mean leaf size is highly correlated with the variation in climate and ecosystem primary productivity, independent of plant life form. These relationships likely reflect how natural selection modifies leaf size across varying climates in conjunction with how climate influences canopy total leaf area. We find that the leaf size?primary productivity functions based on the Chinese dataset can predict productivity in North America and vice‐versa. In addition to advancing understanding of the relationship between a climate‐driven trait and ecosystem functioning, our findings suggest that leaf size can also be a promising tool in palaeoecology for scaling from fossil leaves to palaeo‐primary productivity of woody ecosystems. 相似文献
952.
Jun-Seob Kim Sung-Jin Yoon Young-Jun Park Seon-Yeong Kim Choong-Min Ryu 《Environmental microbiology》2020,22(7):2485-2495
Interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts are varied and complex, encompassing open-field scale interactions to interactions at the molecular level. The capacity of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi to cause diseases in human and animal systems was, until recently, considered of minor importance. However, recent evidence suggests that animal and human infections caused by plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses may have critical impacts on human and animal health and safety. This review analyses previous research on plant pathogens as causal factors of animal illness. In addition, a case study involving disruption of type III effector-mediated phagocytosis in a human cell line upon infection with an opportunistic phytopathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, is discussed. Further knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between plant pathogens and human and animal hosts is needed to understand the extent of disease incidence and determine mechanisms for disease prevention. 相似文献
953.
Amina‐Zahra Mouhoumed Ya‐Ni Mou Sen‐Miao Tong Sheng‐Hua Ying Ming‐Guang Feng 《Cellular microbiology》2020,22(10)
FK506‐sensitive proline rotamases (FPRs), also known as FK506‐binding proteins (FKBPs), can mediate immunosuppressive drug resistance in budding yeast but their physiological roles in filamentous fungi remain opaque. Here, we report that three FPRs (cytosolic/nuclear 12.15‐kD Fpr1, membrane‐associated 14.78‐kD Fpr2 and nuclear 50.43‐kD Fpr3) are all equally essential for cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and contribute significantly to calcineurin activity at different levels in the insect‐pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana although the deletion of fpr1 alone conferred resistance to FK506. Radial growth, conidiation, conidial viability and virulence were less compromised in the absence of fpr1 or fpr2 than in the absence of fpr3, which abolished almost all growth on scant media and reduced growth moderately on rich media. The Δfpr3 mutant was more sensitive to Na+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, metal chelate, heat shock and UVB irradiation than was Δfpr2 while both mutants were equally sensitive to Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, H2O2 and cell wall‐perturbing agents. In contrast, the Δfpr1 mutant was less sensitive to fewer stress cues. Most of 32 examined genes involved in DNA damage repair, Na+/K+ detoxification or osmotolerance and Ca2+ homeostasis were downregulated sharply in Δfpr2 and Δfpr3 but rarely so affected in Δfpr1, coinciding well with their phenotypic changes. These findings uncover important, but differential, roles of three FPRs in the fungal adaptation to insect host and environment and provide novel insight into their essential roles in calcium signalling pathway. 相似文献
954.
Bethany S. Nichols Gerhard Leubner‐Metzger Vincent A. A. Jansen 《Ecology letters》2020,23(9):1370-1379
Environmental variability can lead to dispersal: why stay put if it is better elsewhere? Without clues about local conditions, the optimal strategy is often to disperse a set fraction of offspring. Many habitats contain environmentally differing sub‐habitats. Is it adaptive for individuals to sense in which sub‐habitat they find themselves, using environmental clues, and respond plastically by altering the dispersal rates? This appears to be done by some plants which produce dimorphic seeds with differential dispersal properties in response to ambient temperature. Here we develop a mathematical model to show, that in highly variable environments, not only does sensing promote plasticity of dispersal morph ratio, individuals who can sense their sub‐habitat and respond in this way have an adaptive advantage over those who cannot. With a rise in environmental variability due to climate change, our understanding of how natural populations persist and respond to changes has become crucially important. 相似文献
955.
Hai‐Dong Li Linfang Tang Chenxi Jia Marcel Holyoak Jochen Fründ Xiaoqun Huang Zhishu Xiao 《Ecology letters》2020,23(8):1252-1262
Understanding how biodiversity and interaction networks change across environmental gradients is a major challenge in ecology. We integrated metacommunity and metanetwork perspectives to test species’ functional roles in bird–plant frugivory interactions in a fragmented forest landscape in Southwest China, with consequences for seed dispersal. Availability of fruit resources both on and under trees created vertical feeding stratification for frugivorous birds. Bird–plant interactions involving birds feeding only on‐the‐tree or both on and under‐the‐tree (shared) had a higher centrality and contributed more to metanetwork organisation than interactions involving birds feeding only under‐the‐tree. Moreover, bird–plant interactions associated with large‐seeded plants disproportionately contributed to metanetwork organisation and centrality. Consequently, on‐the‐tree and shared birds contributed more to metanetwork organisation whereas under‐the‐tree birds were more involved in local processes. We would expect that species’ roles in the metanetwork will translate into different conservation values for maintaining functioning of seed‐dispersal networks. 相似文献
956.
Rakesh Sarkar Upayan Patra Mahadeb Lo Arpita Mukherjee Asim Biswas Mamta Chawla‐Sarkar 《Cellular microbiology》2020,22(3)
Surveillance for maintaining genomic pristineness, a protective safeguard of great onco‐preventive significance, has been dedicated in eukaryotic cells to a highly conserved and synchronised signalling cascade called DNA damage response (DDR). Not surprisingly, foreign genetic elements like those of viruses are often potential targets of DDR. Viruses have evolved novel ways to subvert this genome vigilance by twisting canonical DDR to a skewed, noncanonical response through selective hijacking of some DDR components while antagonising the others. Though reported for many DNA and a few RNA viruses, potential implications of DDR have not been addressed yet in case of infection with rotavirus (RV), a double‐stranded RNA virus. In the present study, we aimed at the modulation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)‐checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) branch of DDR in response to RV infection in vitro. We found activation of the transducer kinase ATM and its downstream effector Chk2 in RV‐SA11‐infected cells, the activation response being maximal at 6‐hr post infection. Moreover, ATM activation was found to be dependent on induction of the upstream sensor Mre11‐Rad50‐Nbs1 (MRN) complex. Interestingly, RV‐SA11‐mediated maximal induction of ATM‐Chk2 pathway was revealed to be neither preceded by occurrence of nuclear DNA damage nor transduced to formation of damage‐induced canonical nuclear foci. Subsequent investigations affirmed sequestration of MRN components as well as ATM‐Chk2 proteins away from nucleus into cytosolic RV replication factories (viroplasms). Chemical intervention targeting ATM and Chk2 significantly inhibited fusion and maturation of viroplasms leading to attenuated viral propagation. Cumulatively, the current study describes RV‐mediated activation of a noncanonical ATM‐Chk2 branch of DDR skewed in favour of facilitated viroplasm fusion and productive viral perpetuation. 相似文献
957.
Agnieszka Saamaszyska‐Guz Izabela Serafiska Pawe Bcal Stephen Douthwaite 《Cellular microbiology》2020,22(7)
Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen that is generally acquired as a zoonotic infection from poultry and animals. Adhesion of C. jejuni to human colorectal epithelial cells is weakened after loss of its cj0588 gene. The Cj0588 protein belongs to the type I group of TlyA (TlyAI) enzymes, which 2′‐O‐methylate nucleotide C1920 in 23S rRNA. Slightly longer TlyAII versions of the methyltransferase are found in actinobacterial species including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and methylate not only C1920 but also nucleotide C1409 in 16S rRNA. Loss of TlyA function attenuates virulence of both M. tuberculosis and C. jejuni. We show here that the traits impaired in C. jejuni null strains can be rescued by complementation not only with the original cj0588 (tlyA I) but also with a mycobacterial tlyA II gene. There are, however, significant differences in the recombinant phenotypes. While cj0588 restores motility, biofilm formation, adhesion to and invasion of human epithelial cells and stimulation of IL‐8 production in a C. jejuni null strain, several of these properties are further enhanced by the mycobacterial tlyA II gene, in some cases to twice the original wild‐type level. These findings strongly suggest that subtle changes in rRNA modification patterns can affect protein synthesis in a manner that has serious consequences for bacterial pathogenicity. 相似文献
958.
Eben Goodale Hari Sridhar Kathryn E. Sieving Priti Bangal Gabriel J. Colorado Z. Damien R. Farine Eckhard W. Heymann Harrison H. Jones Indrikis Krams Ari E. Martínez Flavia Montao‐Centellas Jenny Muoz Umesh Srinivasan Anne Theo Kartik Shanker 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2020,95(4):889-910
Mixed‐species animal groups (MSGs) are widely acknowledged to increase predator avoidance and foraging efficiency, among other benefits, and thereby increase participants' fitness. Diversity in MSG composition ranges from two to 70 species of very similar or completely different phenotypes. Yet consistency in organization is also observable in that one or a few species usually have disproportionate importance for MSG formation and/or maintenance. We propose a two‐dimensional framework for understanding this diversity and consistency, concentrating on the types of interactions possible between two individuals, usually of different species. One axis represents the similarity of benefit types traded between the individuals, while the second axis expresses asymmetry in the relative amount of benefits/costs accrued. Considering benefit types, one extreme represents the case of single‐species groups wherein all individuals obtain the same supplementary, group‐size‐related benefits, and the other extreme comprises associations of very different, but complementary species (e.g. one partner creates access to food while the other provides vigilance). The relevance of social information and the matching of activities (e.g. speed of movement) are highest for relationships on the supplementary side of this axis, but so is competition; relationships between species will occur at points along this gradient where the benefits outweigh the costs. Considering benefit amounts given or received, extreme asymmetry occurs when one species is exclusively a benefit provider and the other a benefit user. Within this parameter space, some MSG systems are constrained to one kind of interaction, such as shoals of fish of similar species or leader–follower interactions in fish and other taxa. Other MSGs, such as terrestrial bird flocks, can simultaneously include a variety of supplementary and complementary interactions. We review the benefits that species obtain across the diversity of MSG types, and argue that the degree and nature of asymmetry between benefit providers and users should be measured and not just assumed. We then discuss evolutionary shifts in MSG types, focusing on drivers towards similarity in group composition, and selection on benefit providers to enhance the benefits they can receive from other species. Finally, we conclude by considering how individual and collective behaviour in MSGs may influence both the structure and processes of communities. 相似文献
959.