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91.
On the hunt for helminths: innate immune cells in the recognition and response to helminth parasites
The generation of protective immunity to helminth parasites is critically dependent upon the development of a CD4+ T helper type 2 cytokine response. However, the host–parasite interactions responsible for initiating this response are poorly understood. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of how helminth-derived products are recognized by innate immune cells. Specifically, interactions between helminth excretory/secretory products and host Toll-like receptors and lectins will be discussed as well as the putative functions of helminth proteases and chitin in activating and recruiting innate immune cells. In addition, the functional significance of pattern recognition by epithelial cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages including expression of alarmins, thymic stromal lymphopoetin, interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and Notch ligands in the development of adaptive anti-parasite Th2 cytokine responses will be examined. 相似文献
92.
为探明人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)和促癌剂对食管上皮致癌作用,人胚食管上皮细胞转染HPV协同60钴(60Co)放射观察其恶性转化.用HPV18E6E7AAV转染的人胚食管上皮(SHEE),培养至13代,分为4组,实验组分别用60Co2、4、8Gy照射,每周1次共4周;SHEE未经照射为对照组.细胞形态用相差显微镜观察;细胞DNA合成和定量用3H-TdR掺入和用流式细胞仪分析;染色体众数用常规方法分析;致瘤性用软琼脂培养和裸小鼠接种;HPVDNA用PCR检测.经60Co照射后细胞呈凋亡和坏死(危象期).8周后SHEE 4Gy组细胞增殖,增殖指数(34%)和3H-TdR摄入增高,软琼脂培养和裸鼠接种出现致瘤性.对照组SHEE组细胞增殖指数24%,伴有少数3H-TdR掺入,裸鼠未成瘤.染色体众数:对照组,58~62;4Gy组,63~65;两组HPV18E6E7 PCR呈阳性条带.此结果表明,用HPV18E6E7协同60Coγ射线可以使人胚食管上皮恶性转化,60Co γ射线有加速食管上皮细胞恶性转化作用. 相似文献
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Alpha-L-fucosidase in tissues of 28 inbred mouse strains varied with respect to three properties: high or low heat stability, a pH-activity curve with high or low relative activity at pH 2.8, and high or low activity. Alpha-L-fucosidase from six strains (A/J, BDP/J, LP/J, P/J, SEA/GNJ, and 129/J) had high heat stability, high pH 2.8 relative activity, and high activity, whereas the other 22 strains all had low heat stability, low pH 2.8 relative activity, and low activity. The heat-stability difference was seen in all organs tested (brain, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, and testis) for two heat-stabile strains (P/J and 129/J) and four heat-labile strains (C57 BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, and BALB/cJ) studied in detail. The findings suggested that two structural variants of alpha-L-fucosidase, probably genetically determined, exist in these 28 inbred mouse strains, although the presence of linkage disequilibrium between alleles of tightly linked structural and regulatory genes could not be excluded.This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NS-15281 and NS-11766), the Muscular Dystrophy Association (H. Houston Merritt Clinical Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases), the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, and a generous gift from the Alexander Rapaport Foundation. 相似文献
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Background
Human noroviruses are a highly diverse group of viruses classified into three of the five currently recognised Norovirus genogroups, and contain numerous genotypes or genetic clusters. Noroviruses are the major aetiological agent of endemic gastroenteritis in all age groups, as well as the cause of periodic epidemic gastroenteritis. The noroviruses most commonly associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis are genogroup II genotype 4 (GII-4) strains. The relationship between genotypes of noroviruses with their phenotypes and antigenic profile remains poorly understood through an inability to culture these viruses and the lack of a suitable animal model.Methodology/Principal Findings
Here we describe a study of the diversity of amino acid sequences of the highly variable P2 region in the major capsid protein, VP1, of the GII-4 human noroviruses strains using sequence analysis and homology modelling techniques.Conclusions/Significance
Our data identifies two sites in this region, which show significant amino acid substitutions associated with the appearance of variant strains responsible for epidemics with major public health impact. Homology modelling studies revealed the exposed nature of these sites on the capsid surface, providing supportive structural data that these two sites are likely to be associated with putative variant-specific epitopes. Furthermore, the patterns in the evolution of these viruses at these sites suggests that noroviruses follow a neutral network pattern of evolution. 相似文献97.
A retained intron in the 3′‐UTR of Calm3 mRNA mediates its Staufen2‐ and activity‐dependent localization to neuronal dendrites 下载免费PDF全文
98.
Ballabio E Regan R Garimberti E Harbott J Bradtke J Teigler-Schlegel A Biondi A Cazzaniga G Giudici G Wainscoat JS Boultwood J Bridger JM Knight SJ Tosi S 《PloS one》2011,6(6):e20607
Leukaemia is often associated with genetic alterations such as translocations, amplifications and deletions, and recurrent chromosome abnormalities are used as markers of diagnostic and prognostic relevance. However, a proportion of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cases have an apparently normal karyotype despite comprehensive cytogenetic analysis. Based on conventional cytogenetic analysis of banded chromosomes, we selected a series of 23 paediatric patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and performed whole genome array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) using DNA samples derived from the same patients. Imbalances involving large chromosomal regions or entire chromosomes were detected by aCGH in seven of the patients studied. Results were validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes using appropriate bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes. The majority of these copy number alterations (CNAs) were confirmed by FISH and found to localize to the interphase rather than metaphase nuclei. Furthermore, the proliferative states of the cells analyzed by FISH were tested by immunofluorescence using an antibody against the proliferation marker pKi67. Interestingly, these experiments showed that, in the vast majority of cases, the changes appeared to be confined to interphase nuclei in a non-proliferative status. 相似文献
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100.
啮齿动物群落结构可以反映生态环境特征。本研究对处于阿拉善荒漠区呈“孤岛”状态的内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内啮齿动物的种类、分布型及群落多样性进行系统研究。将内蒙古贺兰山划分为五种生境类型,于2013年春、夏、秋3季共布设有效铗日18748个,捕获啮齿动物235只,分属2目5科11属13种。在整体研究区域,阿拉善黄鼠(Spermophilus alashanicus)为优势种。明确了喜湿型是本研究区域的主要分布型,占捕获啮齿动物的54%,并且在中低海拔区域,随着海拔的升高,喜湿型所占比例增加。受“边缘效应”的影响,山地荒漠和荒漠草原生境以及山地草原灌丛生境的啮齿动物群落多样性指数高于其他生境,除环境因素外,啮齿动物群落的多样性受两种因素的影响,既可随群落内物种数量的增加而增大,同时又受制于群落内部物种分布的均匀程度。冗余分析结果表明,植被高度、植被盖度、灌木(乔木)高度和海拔4个环境因子是决定啮齿动物群落结构最主要的环境因子,其中植被盖度与群落多样性呈负相关,随着植被盖度的增加,多样性指数随之减低。 相似文献