New amperometric biosensors based on diamond paste for the assay of L- and D-pipecolic acids in serum samples

Monocrystalline natural diamond, L-amino acid oxidase (L-AAOD), D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAOD), and paraffin oil were used for the design of the modified diamond paste. The technique used for the direct voltammetric assay was differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with applied potential pulse amplitude of 25 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Using the new amperometric biosensors L-pipecolic acid (L-PA) and D-pipecolic acid (D-PA) were determined reliably from serum samples at 700 and 200 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively, with low limits of detection.     

Cerebral leucine uptake and protein synthesis in the near-term ovine fetus: relation to fetal behavioral state

To investigate quantitatively how sweating and cutaneous blood flow responses at the onset of dynamic exercise are affected by increasing exercise intensity in mildly heated humans, 18 healthy male subjects performed cycle exercise at 30, 50, and 70% of maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) for 60 s in a warm environment. The study was conducted in a climatic chamber with a regulated ambient temperature of 35 degrees C and relative humidity of 50%. The subjects rested in the semisupine position in the chamber for 60 min, and then sweating rate (SR) and skin blood flow were measured during cycle exercise at three different intensities. Changes in the heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and mean arterial blood pressure were proportional to increasing exercise intensity, whereas esophageal and mean skin temperatures were essentially constant throughout the experiment. The SR on the chest, forearm, and thigh, but not on the palm, increased significantly with increasing exercise intensity (P < 0.05). The mean SR of the chest, forearm, and thigh increased 0.05 mg.cm-2.min-1 with an increase in exercise intensity equivalent to 10% VO2 max. On the other hand, the cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) on the chest, forearm, and palm decreased significantly with increasing exercise intensity (P < 0.05). The mean CVC of the chest and forearm decreased 5.5% and the CVC on the palm decreased 8.0% with an increase in exercise intensity equivalent to 10% VO2 max. In addition, the reduction in CVC was greater on the palm than on the chest and forearm at all exercise intensities (P < 0.01). We conclude that nonthermal sweating and cutaneous blood flow responses are exercise intensity dependent but directionally opposite at the onset of dynamic exercise in mildly heated humans. Furthermore, cutaneous blood flow responses to increased exercise intensity are greater in glabrous (palm) than in nonglabrous (chest and forearm) skin.     

The adaptive significance of inquiline parasite workers

Social parasites exploit the socially managed resources of their host's society. Inquiline social parasites are dependent on their host throughout their life cycle, and so many of the traits inherited from their free-living ancestor are removed by natural selection. One trait that is commonly lost is the worker caste, the functions of which are adequately fulfilled by host workers. The few inquiline parasites that have retained a worker caste are thought to be at a transitional stage in the evolution of social parasitism, and their worker castes are considered vestigial and non-adaptive. However, this idea has not been tested. Furthermore, whether inquiline workers have an adaptive role outside the usual worker repertoire of foraging, brood care and colony maintenance has not been examined. In this paper, we present data that suggest that workers of the inquiline ant Acromyrmex insinuator play a vital role in ensuring the parasite's fitness. We show that the presence of these parasite workers has a positive effect on the production of parasite sexuals and a negative effect on the production of host sexuals. This suggests that inquiline workers play a vital role in suppressing host queen reproduction, thus promoting the rearing of parasite sexuals. To our knowledge, these are the first experiments on inquiline workers and the first to provide evidence that inquiline workers have an adaptive role.     

Identifying the transition between single and multiple mating of queens in fungus-growing ants

Obligate mating of females (queens) with multiple males has evolved only rarely in social Hymenoptera (ants, social bees, social wasps) and for reasons that are fundamentally different from those underlying multiple mating in other animals. The monophyletic tribe of ('attine') fungus-growing ants is known to include evolutionarily derived genera with obligate multiple mating (the Acromyrmex and Atta leafcutter ants) as well as phylogenetically basal genera with exclusively single mating (e.g. Apterostigma, Cyphomyrmex, Myrmicocrypta). All attine genera share the unique characteristic of obligate dependence on symbiotic fungus gardens for food, but the sophistication of this symbiosis differs considerably across genera. The lower attine genera generally have small, short-lived colonies and relatively non-specialized fungal symbionts (capable of living independently of their ant hosts), whereas the four evolutionarily derived higher attine genera have highly specialized, long-term clonal symbionts. In this paper, we investigate whether the transition from single to multiple mating occurred relatively recently in the evolution of the attine ants, in conjunction with the novel herbivorous 'leafcutter' niche acquired by the common ancestor of Acromyrmex and Atta, or earlier, at the transition to rearing specialized long-term clonal fungi in the common ancestor of the larger group of higher attines that also includes the genera Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex. We use DNA microsatellite analysis to provide unambiguous evidence for a single, late and abrupt evolutionary transition from exclusively single to obligatory multiple mating. This transition is historically correlated with other evolutionary innovations, including the extensive use of fresh vegetation as substrate for the fungus garden, a massive increase in mature colony size and morphological differentiation of the worker caste.     

Motilin effects on the proximal stomach in patients with functional dyspepsia and healthy volunteers

This study investigates motilin effects on the proximal stomach in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and healthy volunteers. Eight healthy volunteers and 12 patients with FD were infused with synthetic motilin or placebo. Proximal gastric volume was measured with a barostat at constant pressure and during isobaric distensions. Abdominal symptoms were scored by visual analog scales. Plasma motilin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Motilin concentrations and baseline gastric volumes were similar for patients and healthy volunteers. Motilin, compared with placebo, reduced gastric volume by 112 ml [F(29,195); confidence interval (CI) 95%] in patients and by 96 ml [F(-7,200); CI 95%] in healthy volunteers. In patients, motilin decreased compliance by 76 ml/mmHg [F(9,143); CI 95%] compared with placebo, which was similar in volunteers [66 ml/mmHg; F(11,120); CI 95%]. Patients were more nauseous during motilin compared with placebo (P = 0.04), whereas healthy volunteers did not experience nausea. We conclude that in a fasted condition, FD patients have a similar proximal gastric motor response to motilin as healthy volunteers, but experience an exaggerated sensation of nausea.     

Relationship between dental morphology, sex, body length and age in Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea) in Northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The relationship between dental morphology, sex, body length and age of small cetaceans can be used to determine ontogeny, sexual dimorphism and geographical variation. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between dental morphology, sex, body size and age. A total of 91 specimens of P. blainvillei and 80 specimens of S. fluviatilis accidentally captured in fisheries or stranded in northern Rio de Janeiro (21 masculine37'-22 masculine25'S), from September 1988 to November 1996 were analysed. The teeth root diameter in P. blainvillei was significantly different between the sex; the values for females were larger than males. In neither species aid we observed significant in variations dimension and number of teeth, thickness of dentine and cemental layers and in the maximum width of cement as a function of body size. Age was related to increases in tooth length, root and cingulum diameters, and maximum width of cement in individuals of P. blainvillei, and tooth and crown lengths and maximum width of cement in individuals of S. fluviatilis. The observation of a linear growth between maximum width of cement and age in both species indicates that the equations obtained can be used to estimate relative age in P. blainvillei and S. fluviatilis in northern of Rio de Janeiro.     

Survival Rate and Enzyme Activities ofLactobacillus acidophilusFollowing Frozen Storage

The ability of two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, CRL 640 and CRL 800, to survive and retain their biological activities under frozen storage was determined. Freezing and thawing, as well as frozen storage, damaged the cell membrane, rendering the microorganisms sensitive to sodium chloride and bile salts. Both lactic acid production and proteolytic activity were depressed after 21 days at -20 degreesC, whereas beta-galactosidase activity per cell unit was increased. Cell injury was partially overcome after repair in a salt-rich medium. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.     

Diverse FSH and testosterone signaling pathways in the Sertoli cell.

FSH and testosterone exert different regulatory effects on the seminiferous epithelium; they act through multiple and complex signaling routes to direct the development of the germ cells into mature spermatozoa. In addition to their well-known pathways of action, both hormones have recently been recognized to have new signaling routes that are linked to the Ca(2+) ion, including, among others, the regulation of cell proliferation by FSH and the regulation of cell migration by testosterone.     

Do Healthy Monarchs Migrate Farther? Tracking Natal Origins of Parasitized vs. Uninfected Monarch Butterflies Overwintering in Mexico

Long-distance migration can lower parasite prevalence if strenuous journeys remove infected animals from wild populations. We examined wild monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) to investigate the potential costs of the protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha on migratory success. We collected monarchs from two wintering sites in central Mexico to compare infection status with hydrogen isotope (δ ²H) measurements as an indicator of latitude of origin at the start of fall migration. On average, uninfected monarchs had lower δ ²H values than parasitized butterflies, indicating that uninfected butterflies originated from more northerly latitudes and travelled farther distances to reach Mexico. Within the infected class, monarchs with higher quantitative spore loads originated from more southerly latitudes, indicating that heavily infected monarchs originating from farther north are less likely to reach Mexico. We ruled out the alternative explanation that lower latitudes give rise to more infected monarchs prior to the onset of migration using citizen science data to examine regional differences in parasite prevalence during the summer breeding season. We also found a positive association between monarch wing area and estimated distance flown. Collectively, these results emphasize that seasonal migrations can help lower infection levels in wild animal populations. Our findings, combined with recent declines in the numbers of migratory monarchs wintering in Mexico and observations of sedentary (winter breeding) monarch populations in the southern U.S., suggest that shifts from migratory to sedentary behavior will likely lead to greater infection prevalence for North American monarchs.     

Nitrogen turnover in fresh Douglas fir litter directly after additions of moisture and inorganic nitrogen

The effects of wetting and drying and inorganic nitrogen (N) addition on carbon (C) and N turnover in fresh Douglas fir litter (Speuld forest, the Netherlands) were investigated. Litter was incubated for 9 days in the laboratory, receiving different moisture and N addition treatments. Following the additions, a series of reactions were observed of which most notable were a rapid retention of added ammonium and nitrate (NO ₃ ^- ) and a sudden increase in CO₂ respiration. For the rewetted-and-moist incubations, respiration levels remained elevated, N was net immobilized and nitrous oxide (N₂O) production increased throughout the experiment. About 80% of the NO ₃ ^- produced was lost again as N₂O. In the rewetted-and-dried incubations, respiration decreased during the drying phase; no clear patterns in N mineralization were detected; and N₂O production remained at constant levels, but still resulted in gaseous loss for half of the NO ₃ ^- net produced. The experiments thus revealed two important NO ₃ ^- sinks in LF1 litter, namely rapid retention of added NO ₃ ^- and gaseous loss as N₂O. The maximum NO ₃ ^- loss via these sinks was estimated at 2 kg-N ha^-1 yr^-1, which is small compared to annual NO ₃ ^- leaching at 90 cm soil depth (31 kg-N ha^-1 yr^-1).