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971.
Kim IJ Dersch CM Rothman RB Jacobson AE Rice KC 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2004,12(16):4543-4550
The opioid receptor binding affinities of N-methyl- and N-phenethyl-5-phenylmorphans with a meta-hydroxy substituent [3-(2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (1a), and 3-(2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (1b)] were compared with the affinities of four new ligands bearing an ortho- or para-hydroxyl substituent (2-(2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (2a) and 2-(2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (2b), 4-(2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (3a), and 4-(2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (3b)) that were synthesized from 2-bromoanisole or the known 2-methyl-5-phenyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (13), respectively. The data indicated that either the electronic state of the phenolic ring is critical for the ligand's interaction with an opioid receptor, or that there must be a specific distance and angle for a hydrogen bond between the phenolic moiety and an amino acid in the binding domain that cannot be altered. 相似文献
972.
Allelotyping large numbers of samples by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be problematic if the DNA samples
to be tested are of highly variable concentration. On the one hand, analysis of dilute DNA samples often requires nested PCR
to produce a product of sufficient yield to be detectable on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. Such two-step assays require
additional reagents, are labor-intensive, and have a higher risk of contaiminations. On the other hand, the specificity of
allele-specific PCR assays can be lost at high input DNA concentrations. Large population-based genetic studies using DNA
from varied sources would benefit from one-tube assays that could detect mutations in samples over a wide range of concentration.
We describe a one-tube nested allele-specific PCR-based assay, in which the input DNA concentration has little effect on the
assay’s yield or specificity. An assay using this method is highly sensitive and specific, and was used to type several thousand
DNA samples, obtained from various sources, for a G to A transition at human transthyretin codon 122. Similar assays could
be readily adapted to any high-throughput allelotype assay where input DNA is of highly variable concentration. 相似文献
973.
974.
Welwitschia mirabilis is a monotypic member of the family Welwitchiaceae which, along with Ephedra and Gnetum species, comprises the gymnospermous order Gnetales. While the monophyly of this order is now widely accepted, the relationship of the Gnetales to other seed plants is still contentious. Despite the unique phylogenetic position of W. mirabilis and its extraordinary physiological and anatomical adaptations, little is known about the plant's phylogeny or its current distribution in isolated locations throughout the Namib Desert. As a preliminary step in the design of an more extensive phylogeographic study, we analyzed 37 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci from 59 plants distributed among five sites separated by distances of 6-440 km. Cluster analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant levels of variation within and between populations and little evidence of inbreeding. Genetic differences between populations reflect the geographic distances separating them. Three of the populations formed discernable genetic clusters, suggesting that little gene flow occurs between populations separated by > or = 18 km. In contrast, gene flow is occurring between two populations separated by only 6 km, supporting previous observations that pollen dispersal is primarily local and that seeds are not readily wind-born over the large distances separating most W. mirabilis populations. As a working hypothesis, we propose that W. mirabilis had a continuous distribution across its current range as much as 105 million years ago, and that as a consequence of subsequent drying trends and physical disturbance, populations became progressively isolated, accounting for their current distribution. 相似文献
975.
Behavioral characterization of mice lacking the A3 adenosine receptor: sensitivity to hypoxic neurodegeneration 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Fedorova IM Jacobson MA Basile A Jacobson KA 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2003,23(3):431-447
1. The potential neuroprotective actions of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) were investigated using mice with functional deletions of the A3AR (A3AR–/–) in behavioral assessments of analgesia, locomotion, tests predictive of depression and anxiety, and the effects of mild hypoxia on cognition and neuronal survival.2. Untreated A3AR–/– mice were tested in standard behavioral paradigms, including activity in the open field, performance in the hot-plate, tail-flick, tail-suspension, and swim tests, and in the elevated plus maze. In addition, mice were exposed repeatedly to a hypoxic environment containing carbon monoxide (CO). The cognitive effects of this treatment were assessed using the contextual fear conditioning test. After testing, the density of pyramidal neurons in the CA1, 2, and 3 subfields of the hippocampus was determined using standard histological and morphometric techniques.3. A3AR–/– mice showed increased locomotion in the open field test, elevated plus maze (number of arm entries) and light/dark box (number of transitions). However, they spent more time immobile in two different tests of antidepressant activity (Swim and tail suspension tests). A3AR–/– mice also showed evidence of decreased nociception in the hot-plate, but not tail-flick tests. Further, A3AR–/– mice were more vulnerable to hippocampal pyramidal neuron damage following episodes of carbon monoxide (CO)-induced hypoxia. One week after exposure to CO a moderate loss of pyramidal neurons was observed in all hippocampal subfields of both wild-type (A3AR+/+) and A3AR–/– mice. However, the extent of neuronal death in the CA2–3 subfields was less pronounced in A3AR+/+ than A3AR–/– mice. This neuronal loss was accompanied by a decline in cognitive function as determined using contextual fear conditioning. These histological and cognitive changes were reproduced in wild-type mice by repeatedly administering the A3AR-selective antagonist MRS 1523 (5-propyl-2-ethyl-4-propyl-3-(ethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-6-phenylpyridine-5-carboxylate 1 mg/kg i.p.).4. These results indicate that pharmacologic or genetic suppression of A3AR function enhances some aspects of motor function and suppresses pain processing at supraspinal levels, while acting as a depressant in tests predictive of antidepressant action. Consistent with previous reports of the neuroprotective actions of A3AR agonists, A3AR–/– mice show an increase in neurodegeneration in response to repeated episodes of hypoxia. 相似文献
976.
Goldenberg I Shainberg A Jacobson KA Shneyvays V Grossman E 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2003,252(1-2):133-139
Adenosine has been found to be cardioprotective during episodes of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion through activation of the A1 and possibly A3 receptors. Therefore, we have investigated whether activation of these receptors can protect also against apoptotic death induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cultures. Exposure to Ang II (10 nM) resulted in a 3-fold increase in programmed cell death (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with the A1 adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA, 1 M), abolished the effects of Ang II on programmed cardiomyocyte death. Moreover, exposure of cells to the A1 adenosine receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX) before pretreatment with CCPA, prevented the protective effect of the latter. Pretreatment with the A3 adenosine receptor agonist N6-(3-iodobenzyl) adenosine-5-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA, 0.1 M), led to a partial decrease in apoptotic rate induced by Ang II. Exposure of myocytes to Ang II caused an immediate increase in the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ that lasted 40–60 sec. Pre-treatment of cells with CCPA or IB-MECA did not block Ang II-induced Ca2+ elevation. In conclusion, activation of adenosine A1 receptors can protect the cardiac cells from apoptosis induced by Ang II, while activation of the adenosine A3 receptors confers partial cardioprotection. 相似文献
977.
Kim HO Lim MH Park JG Moon HR Jacobson KA Kim HD Chun MW Jeong LS 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2003,22(5-8):923-925
Synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro-N6-substituted adenosines as bioisosteres of Cl-IB-MECA and their binding affinities to A3 adenosine receptor are described. 相似文献
978.
Neurospora crassa and related heterothallic ascomycetes produce eight homokaryotic self-sterile ascospores per ascus. In contrast, asci of N. tetrasperma contain four self-fertile ascospores each with nuclei of both mating types (matA and mata). The self-fertile ascospores of N. tetrasperma result from first-division segregation of mating type and nuclear spindle overlap at the second meiotic division and at a subsequent mitotic division. Recently, Merino et al. presented population-genetic evidence that crossing over is suppressed on the mating-type chromosome of N. tetrasperma, thereby preventing second-division segregation of mating type and the formation of self-sterile ascospores. The present study experimentally confirmed suppressed crossing over for a large segment of the mating-type chromosome by examining segregation of markers in crosses of wild strains. Surprisingly, our study also revealed a region on the far left arm where recombination is obligatory. In cytological studies, we demonstrated that suppressed recombination correlates with an extensive unpaired region at pachytene. Taken together, these results suggest an unpaired region adjacent to one or more paired regions, analogous to the nonpairing and pseudoautosomal regions of animal sex chromosomes. The observed pairing and obligate crossover likely reflect mechanisms to ensure chromosome disjunction. 相似文献
979.
Astuto LM Weston MD Carney CA Hoover DM Cremers CW Wagenaar M Moller C Smith RJ Pieke-Dahl S Greenberg J Ramesar R Jacobson SG Ayuso C Heckenlively JR Tamayo M Gorin MB Reardon W Kimberling WJ 《American journal of human genetics》2000,67(6):1569-1574
Usher syndrome type I is an autosomal recessive disorder marked by hearing loss, vestibular areflexia, and retinitis pigmentosa. Six Usher I genetic subtypes at loci USH1A-USH1F have been reported. The MYO7A gene is responsible for USH1B, the most common subtype. In our analysis, 151 families with Usher I were screened by linkage and mutation analysis. MYO7A mutations were identified in 64 families with Usher I. Of the remaining 87 families, who were negative for MYO7A mutations, 54 were informative for linkage analysis and were screened with the remaining USH1 loci markers. Results of linkage and heterogeneity analyses showed no evidence of Usher types Ia or Ie. However, one maximum LOD score was observed lying within the USH1D region. Two lesser peak LOD scores were observed outside and between the putative regions for USH1D and USH1F, on chromosome 10. A HOMOG chi(2)((1)) plot shows evidence of heterogeneity across the USH1D, USH1F, and intervening regions. These results provide conclusive evidence that the second-most-common subtype of Usher I is due to genes on chromosome 10, and they confirm the existence of one Usher I gene in the previously defined USH1D region, as well as providing evidence for a second, and possibly a third, gene in the 10p/q region. 相似文献
980.
Coop A Jacobson AE Aceto MD Harris LS Traynor JR Woods JH Rice KC 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2000,10(21):2449-2451
The position of the indole in the indolomorphinans, which includes the delta opioid antagonist naltrindole, is considered to be responsible for the delta opioid selectivity for this class of ligands. Herein is described the N-cyclohexylethyl substituted N-nor-derivative, which is shown to be mu preferring. Thus, the nature of the N-substituent is equally important to the receptor selectivity for this class of ligands. 相似文献