A Fine Structural Analysis of Auxin-induced Elongation of Cucumber Hypocotyls, and the Effects of Calcium Antagonists and Ionophores

The fine structure of epidermal cells, particularly in relationto dictyosomes, has been examined in different regions of dark-growncucumber hypocotyls and in response to auxin treatment, usingboth dot overlay and image analysis techniques. The most noticeablechange in cell structure along the hypocotyls is the increasein vacuolar volume. The volume fraction occupied by dictyosomesand secretory vesicles also increased, whereas that for mitochondriaremained relatively constant. During auxin treatment, the volumefraction for dictyosomes showed an increase after 30 min followedby a fall, whereas that occupied by secretory vesicles fellsteadily over 90 min. The number of cisternae per dictyosomeshowed some increase after 2 h of auxin treatment, althoughthe increase in dictyosomal material with cell expansion waslargely accounted for by an increase in the number of dictyosomes. Auxin-stimulated elongation growth of the hypocotyls was inhibitedby a range of calcium antagonists, chelators and ionophores.The most marked inhibitions were observed with calcium chloride,the chelator chlortetracycline and the ionophores verapamil,nigericin and monensin. Linear transducer experiments showedthat these compounds generally caused an immediate reductionin the rate of growth. Fine structural observations carriedout on epidermal cells showed the most obvious effects withmonensin and nigericin which caused dictyosomes and secretoryvesicles to swell. EGTA and LaCl₃ caused secretory vesiclesto accumulate around dictyosomes, while the ionophore A23187had little effect. The results suggest that the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasmmay be critical for cell elongation. Compounds which chelateCa²⁺ appear to be more effective inhibitors of growth in theinitial acid-induced phase, whereas those which affect ionicgradients are more disruptive in the second phase.Copyright1993, 1999 Academic Press Calcium, Cucumis sativus hypocotyle, dictyosomes, elongation growth, indoleacetic acid, stereology     

Occurrence ofBacillus popilliae and two nematode pathogens in populations ofAmphimallon solstitialis (Col.: Scarabaeidae) near darmstadt,Germany

Populations of the June beetle,Amphimallon solstitialis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), were sampled from grasslands near Darmstadt, Germany, and found to be infected by a number of diseases and parasitic nematodes. Several milky diseased larvac were found, andBacillus popilliae type A 1 isolated as the causative agent. The bacterium readily infected healthy larvae ofA. solstitialis when administeredper os in the laboratory, but was not infective to larvae ofMelolontha hippocastani by this route. A large mermithid nematode was found parasitising 10% of theA. solstitialis larvae at one site andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora was found infecting larvae at the other.

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Résumé Des populations deAmphimallon solstitialis (Col.: Scarabaeidae) ont été échantillonnées dans deux prairies distinctes près de Darmstadt (Allemagne) et se sont révélées infestées par des maladies et des nématodes parasites. Plusieurs larves dans chaque site étaient infectées par la maladie laiteuse etBacillus popillae, type A1 a été isolé comme étant l'agent responsable. La bactérie infeste facilement des larves saines deA. solstitialis quand elle est administrée par voie orale au laboratoire mais n'a pas d'effet infectieux pour les larves deMelolontha hippocastani par cette même voie. Un grand nématode mermithide a été trouvé parasite de 10% des larves deA. solstitialis sur un seul site, mais comme seuls les jeunes ont été trouvés, la détermination à l'espèce n'a pu être faite.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora était responsable de l'infection de 1,5% des larves sur seulement un site. Plusieurs larves deA. solstitialis présentaient une couleur ambrée, identique à celle trouvée sur le scarabéeCostelytra zealandica infecté parSerratia spp., et ne se nourrissaient pas de carotte au laboratoire. Les bactéries isolées à partir de ces larves ne provoquent aucun effet visible quand elles sont données en nourriture à des larves saines.

     

Management of raised blood pressure in New Zealand: a discussion document.

A report to the National Advisory Committee on Core Health and Disability Support Services, New Zealand, on the management of raised blood pressure recommends that decisions to treat raised blood pressure should be based primarily on the estimated absolute risk of cardiovascular disease rather than on blood pressure alone. In general, patients with a blood pressure of 150-170 mm Hg systolic or 90-100 mm Hg diastolic, or both, should be given treatment to lower blood pressure if the risk of a major cardiovascular disease event in 10 years is more than about 20%. The results of clinical trials indicate that, at this level of absolute risk, 150 people would require treatment to reduce the annual number of cardiovascular events by about one. Implementation of these recommendations may result in a smaller proportion of people aged under 60, particularly women, receiving treatment but an increased proportion of older people treated. In the absence of specific contraindications, low dose diuretics and low dose beta blockers should be considered for first line treatment, since for only these drug groups is there direct evidence of reduced risk of stroke and coronary disease in people with raised blood pressure.     

Anti-predator defences of a web-building spider, Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Anti-predator defence behaviour of Holocnemus pluchei (Araneae, Pholcidae) was studied in the laboratory and the field. Bouncing, in which this web-building spider moves its body rapidly up and down while keeping its legs on the silk, was the most frequent response to disturbance. Less often, H. pluchei left the web when disturbed. Experiments were carried out to determine the types of stimuli that elicited bouncing and leaving the web: tactile stimulation (striking the spider with a brush) and air movement (blowing on the spider) elicited bouncing and leaving the web, but there was no evidence that chemical stimuli from potential predators were important. Tactile stimulation elicited stronger responses than air movement. There were no evident differences in how H. pluchei responded to tactile stimulation in the laboratory and the field.     

Phytochemical Characterization of Cannabis sativa L. Roots from Northeastern Brazil

This article describes the phytochemical study of Cannabis sativa roots from northeastern Brazil. The dried plant material was pulverized and subjected to exhaustive maceration with ethanol at room temperature, obtaining the crude ethanolic extract (Cs-EEBR). The volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which allowed to identify 22 compounds by comparing the linear retention index (LRI), the similarity index (SI) and the fragmentation pattern of the constituents with the literature. By this technique the major compounds identified were: friedelan-3-one and β-sitosterol. In addition, two fractions were obtained from Cs-EEBR by classical column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. These fractions were analyzed by NMR and IR and together with the mass spectrometry data allowed to identify the compounds: epifriedelanol, friedelan-3-one, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The study contributed to the phytochemical knowledge of Cannabis sativa, specifically the roots, as there are few reports on the chemical constituents of this part of the plant.