米曲霉两株营养缺陷型原生质体的形成和再生的条件实验

采用1%溶壁酶加1%玛瑙螺酶(褐云玛瑙螺消化液的冷冻干粉)的混合酶,自米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)的两株营养缺陷型中获得了大量的原生质体,并比较了渗透压稳定剂、温度、菌丝体的培养基成分等因素对原生质体形成和再生的作用。无机盐类稳定剂(NaCl、KCl)获得了高产量的原生质体,而有机类(蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨醇)做为稳定剂不甚理想。对120和720菌株的原生质体在高渗再生培养基上进行再生试验,再生率分别为52%和65%。     

木橑尺蠖幼虫形态学及其前胸盾上未命名毛的讨论

尺蛾科是鳞翅目中的第二大科,全世界已知约12,000种。由于其种类众多,幼虫形态亦表现为多型多样。现今一般昆虫学书籍,对于本科幼虫形态特征,通常概括为腹足2对,而没有更多的叙述。但由于桦尺蛾亚科(Brephinae)及其它一些属的幼虫腹足并非两对,因此,这种过于简略的概括,将使一些种的幼虫在科的鉴定上造成困难。     

Antiidiotypic antibody related to the 84 kD human sperm membrane protein

Wistar rats were inoculated with purified YWK-I antibody.The anti-idiotypic antibodies were isolated from rat sera by successive passage over affinity chromatography columns of YWK-I mAb and normal mouse Igs.Specificity of anti-Id antibody was established by ELISA.The 84kD protein inhibited the binding of anti-Id to YWK-I mAb,but failed to repress antibody against normal mouse Ig binding to YWK-I mAb.In competitive inhibition assay,84kD protein had shown the ability to compete with anti-Id binding to YWK-I mAb in a dose-dependent manner.Crude sperm extract showed a lower competitive ability.No effect was found with the irrelevant 36kD sperm protein.The antisera from the Balb/C micr immunized with AId contained Ab3 that reacted with 84kD sperm protein.The binding of anti-Id to YWK-I mAb was inhibited by Ab3 in a dose-dependent fashion and Ab3 was shown to be able to induce human sperm agglutination.These results indicate that anti-Id which may mimic an epitope of the 84kD protein could be exploited as an antigen to raise antibodies against sperm protein.     

家兔蓝斑复合核区微量注入去甲肾上腺素能激动剂和拮抗剂对呼吸和血压的效应

于麻醉家兔脑桥蓝斑复合核(LC)区微量注入去甲肾上腺素溶液(0.1mol,1或2μl),引起肺通气量增加和动脉血压升高。上、下丘间全离断脑干或横断中脑被盖及其背侧结构,不能消除此效应。LC 区同一点施加电刺激引起相同效应。LC 区注入α-受体阻断剂酚妥拉明(0.1mol,2μl)、妥拉苏林(0.1mol,2μl)或 α-受体激动剂氯压啶(0.02mol或0.1mol,2μl),使肺通气量明显减少,而对血压影响不大。本结果提示LC及附近被盖区的去甲肾上腺素能传人纤维可通过 α-受体调制该区的植物性机能。     

Conditional QTL mapping of protein content in wheat with respect to grain yield and its components

Grain protein content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is generally considered a highly heritable character that is negatively correlated with grain yield and yield-related traits. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for protein content was mapped using data on protein content and protein content conditioned on the putatively interrelated traits to evaluate possible genetic interrelationships between protein content and yield, as well as yield-related traits. Phenotypic data were evaluated in a recombinant inbred line population with 302 lines derived from a cross between the Chinese cultivar Weimai 8 and Luohan 2. Inclusive composite interval mapping using IciMapping 3.0 was employed for mapping unconditional and conditional QTL with additives. A strong genetic relationship was found between protein content and grain yield, and yield-related traits. Unconditional QTL mapping analysis detected seven additive QTL for protein content, with additive effects ranging in absolute size from 0.1898% to 0.3407% protein content, jointly accounting for 43.45% of the trait variance. Conditional QTL mapping analysis indicated two QTL independent from yield, which can be used in marker-assisted selection for increasing yield without affecting grain protein content. Three additional QTL with minor effects were identified in the conditional mapping. Of the three QTLs, two were identified when protein content was conditioned on yield, which had pleiotropic effects on those two traits. Conditional QTL mapping can be used to dissect the genetic interrelationship between two traits at the individual QTL level for closely correlated traits. Further, conditional QTL mapping can reveal additional QTL with minor effects that are undetectable in unconditional mapping.     

Origin of the disjunct distribution of flower colour polymorphism within Limonium wrightii (Plumbaginaceae) in the Ryukyu Archipelago

The sea lavender, Limonium wrightii , has six morphs of flower colour variation. The geographical distribution of flower colour morphs is disjunct; the distribution of the pink flower morph is divided into two subregions, and that of the yellow flower morph intervenes between them. The present study aimed to examine the origin of this apparent distribution pattern of flower colour in L. wrightii . Two main hypotheses (i.e. past dispersal events and phenotypic changes by natural selection and/or stochastic processes) have been proposed to account for the origin of leapfrog distribution patterns. To determine which hypothesis was applicable, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequence variation in chloroplast DNA (three regions of intergenic spacers, trnG - trnfM , trnV - trnM , and psbA-trnH ). We sequenced 58 accessions of L. wrightii frin 28 islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Izu-Ogasawara Islands, located south of the Japanese mainland, and 12 accessions of four congeneric species. Within L. wrightii , we obtained four lineages of ten haplotypes. These lineages and haplotypes did not correlate with the different flower colours. These results indicate that the formation processes of populations are complex. The haplotypes of the pink flower morph did not show a sister relationship between the two disjunct subregions, indicating that the disjunct populations of the pink flower morphs are unlikely to share the pink flower colour as a result of common ancestry. We conclude that the observed leapfrog distribution pattern is caused by natural selection and/or stochastic processes.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 97 , 709–717.     

Systematic placement and biogeographical relationships of the monotypic genera Gypothamnium and Oxyphyllum (Asteraceae: Mutisioideae) from the Atacama Desert

Gypothamnium and Oxyphyllum (Asteraceae) are two monotypic genera endemic to the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. We performed a phylogenetic analysis using published sequences of the plastid rbcL and ndhF genes, the trnL‐trnF region and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to assess the systematic placement of the two genera within Mutisioideae. On the basis of the phylogenetic results, we constructed area cladograms to explore the biogeographical relationships and origin of the genera. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Gypothamnium is closely related to Aphylloclados, Plazia, Urmenetia, Lycoseris and Onoseris, whereas Oxyphyllum is closely related to Leucheria, Moscharia, Polyachyrus and, with low support, Jungia. These results do not differ substantially from those proposed in previous treatments based on morphological characters. The biogeographical analysis suggests that Gypothamnium in the coastal Atacama Desert is related to taxa that are currently distributed in eastern subtropical South America and in the Puna. Oxyphyllum may have originated from central Chile and other areas in southern South America, but its sister group (Leucheria + Polyachyrus) also reaches the Puna and the coastal Atacama Desert. Both groups show ancestral affinities with elements currently distributed in north‐western South America and Mesoamerica. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 32–51.     

Zoophycos composite ichnofabrics and tiers from the Permian neritic facies in South China and south‐eastern Australia

Gong, Y.‐M., Shi, G.R., Zhang, L.‐J. & Weldon, E.A. 2009: Zoophycos composite ichnofabrics and tiers from the Permian neritic facies in South China and south‐eastern Australia. Lethaia, Vol. 43, pp. 182–196. Zoophycos composite ichnofabrics (ZCI) comprising two or more suites of the same form of Zoophycos are widespread and densely distributed in Early and Middle Permian (Cisuralian–Guadalupian) neritic limestones (Qixia and Maokou Formations) of palaeotropical origin in the Laibin area, Guangxi, South China. Similar ZCI also occur in neritic greywackes of glaciomarine origin from the Middle Permian (Guadalupian) Westley Park Sandstone Member (Broughton Formation) in the southern Sydney Basin, south‐eastern Australia. Zoophycos from both regions consists of planar spreite with major and minor lamellae and a cylindrical tunnel interpreted as a marginal tube and/or axial shaft. The cylindrical tunnel is herein considered to be an essential component of Zoophycos, and thus can be used to define and characterize the morphological variability of Zoophycos. It is suggested that the variation of spreite and major and minor lamellae originated from the different morphologies and migration manners of the cylindrical tunnel. The shallowest, shallow, middle and deepest Zoophycos tiers have been distinguished in ZCI on the basis of cross‐cutting relationships, the soft‐sediment deformation and the contrast in colour between Zoophycos and its host rock. The multiple tiers may represent the substrate consistency spectrum from a softground through a stiffground to a firmground. The different Zoophycos tiers may have been constructed by tracemakers of either different or the same taxonomic affinities in response to the gradual accretion and lithification of sediment layers on the seafloor. The tracemakers appeared to be very sensitive to neither climate nor lithology. The width of the planar spreiten of Zoophycos decreases slightly with the depth of tiering in ZCI. □Composite ichnofabric, Permian, South China, south‐eastern Australia, tier, Zoophycos.     

Merging Maddenia with the morphologically diverse Prunus (Rosaceae)

Maddenia (Rosaceae) has been distinguished from Prunus on the basis of its tepaloid perianth and one‐ to two‐carpellate gynoecium. These distinctive morphological traits nonetheless overlap with several Prunus spp. Maddenia has previously been shown to be nested within Prunus, more specifically within a clade containing members of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus, but its phylogenetic position within that clade has not been defined precisely. This study clarifies the position of Maddenia within Prunus through phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid ndhF sequences, with an expanded sampling of tropical species of subgenus Laurocerasus and the inclusion of three Maddenia spp. The monophyly of Maddenia is supported by both the ITS and ndhF analyses, but both datasets support the inclusion of Maddenia in Prunus. All trees from the ITS analysis and some trees from the ndhF analysis also support a close alliance of Maddenia with a clade comprising temperate species of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus. On the basis of these results, all recognized species of Maddenia are herein formally transferred to Prunus, which requires four new combinations and one new name: Prunus fujianensis (Y.T.Chang) J.Wen, comb. nov. ; Prunus himalayana J.Wen, nom. nov. ; Prunus hypoleuca (Koehne) J.Wen, comb. nov. ; Prunus hypoxantha (Koehne) J.Wen, comb. nov. ; and Prunus incisoserrata (T.T.Yü & T.C.Ku) J.Wen, comb. nov. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164 , 236–245.