Morphology and environment in the Jurassic Nucleatidae (Brachiopoda) from Western Tethys

Colás, J. & García Joral, F. 2011: Morphology and environment in the Jurassic Nucleatidae (Brachiopoda) from Western Tethys. Lethaia, Vol. 45, pp. 178–190. Nucleatidae (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) are commonly considered as typical members of the Mediterranean assemblages during the Jurassic. However, nucleatids occasionally also occur in the margins of Western Tethys (Northwestern European shelf). Some of these occurrences in northeastern Spain are analysed, detecting a relation between nucleatid morphology and palaeoenvironment during the Jurassic. The validity of this relationship for the whole of the representatives of the group in the Western Tethys during the Jurassic is tested by means of morphofunctional analyses (principal components analysis and discriminant analysis), concluding that reduction of the lateral expansion of the shell is the key morphological feature whereby epioceanic and epicontinental taxa differ. This change can have functional significance because it can be interpreted as a mechanism to reduce the area exposed when the valves gape, increasing protection against harmful particles in environments characterized by higher terrigenous input. Some modifications on the systematics of the Nucleatidae at the genus level are proposed on the basis of the temporal and biogeographical distribution of these adaptations. □Brachiopods, Nucleatidae, functional morphology, adaptation, systematics, Jurassic, Spain.     

Trypanosoma cruzi from the Paraguayan Chaco: Isoenzyme Profiles of Strains Isolated at Makthlawaiya1

At Makthlawaiya, in the Paraguayan Chaco, the prevalence of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi infection among both domestic Triatoma infestans and domestic dogs was 38%, and IgG anti-T. cruzi antibody was detected by the quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 80% (105/133) of human sera. Ninety percent (25/28) of T. cruzi strains isolated from both T. infestans and dogs showed heterozygous isoenzyme profiles for glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. These strains appeared to be closely related to Bolivian zymodeme 2. Three Paraguayan T. cruzi strains showed homozygous isoenzyme profiles, similar to those of major Brazilian zymodemes. It was concluded that T. cruzi strains with heterozygous isoenzyme profiles predominate in domestic transmission cycles in this highly endemic area of the Paraguayan Chaco.     

GUSTATORY REACTION TIME AND TIME INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS OF TREHALOSE AND SUCROSE SOLUTIONS AND THEIR MIXTURES

Dynamic sweetness perception of commercial food grade trehalose, sucrose solutions and their mixtures were studied for a wide range of concentrations. For gustatory reaction time (GRT), concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 13.8% for sucrose and up to 23.0% for trehalose. For time intensity (T-I) sucrose or trehalose solutions (concentration range 2.3–36.8%) and their combinations (23.0 and 36.8% total solids) were analyzed. Trehalose had bigger GRT along the studied range. Both sugars presented similar values for persistence and times of plateau and to maximum intensity, while a significant difference was observed in intensity and GRT at equal concentrations. Trehalose had longer persistence than sucrose in equi -sweet solutions. Overall sweetness profile of some sucrose solutions (i.e., 29.9% sucrose solution and 0.6 sucrose/trehalose ratio mixture at 36.8% total solids) were perceived as similar to mixtures of sucrose/trehalose or single trehalose solutions, which suggests the possibility of sugar replacement without completely modifying sweetness perception.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

It has been suggested that trehalose may be a potential substitute for sucrose and other sugars used in food formulation because, although its chemical structure is very similar to that of sucrose, it is more stable at low pH and high temperatures. It is not involved in caramelization and does not participate in Maillard reaction with amino acids/proteins. In order to fully establish the potential of trehalose as a functional replacement of sucrose we have determined the sweetness dynamic profile (gustatory reaction time and time-intensity curves) of trehalose solutions and sucrose/trehalose solutions; this aspect is needed for adequately replacing (partially or totally) sucrose in food systems.     

Genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in plant populations: susceptible signals in plant traits and methodological approaches

Conservation of genetic diversity, one of the three main forms of biodiversity, is a fundamental concern in conservation biology as it provides the raw material for evolutionary change and thus the potential to adapt to changing environments. By means of meta‐analyses, we tested the generality of the hypotheses that habitat fragmentation affects genetic diversity of plant populations and that certain life history and ecological traits of plants can determine differential susceptibility to genetic erosion in fragmented habitats. Additionally, we assessed whether certain methodological approaches used by authors influence the ability to detect fragmentation effects on plant genetic diversity. We found overall large and negative effects of fragmentation on genetic diversity and outcrossing rates but no effects on inbreeding coefficients. Significant increases in inbreeding coefficient in fragmented habitats were only observed in studies analyzing progenies. The mating system and the rarity status of plants explained the highest proportion of variation in the effect sizes among species. The age of the fragment was also decisive in explaining variability among effect sizes: the larger the number of generations elapsed in fragmentation conditions, the larger the negative magnitude of effect sizes on heterozygosity. Our results also suggest that fragmentation is shifting mating patterns towards increased selfing. We conclude that current conservation efforts in fragmented habitats should be focused on common or recently rare species and mainly outcrossing species and outline important issues that need to be addressed in future research on this area.     

Phylogenetic perspective on ecological niche evolution in american blackbirds (Family Icteridae)

Analysis of ecological characters on phylogenetic frameworks has only recently appeared in the literature, with several studies addressing patterns of niche evolution, generally over relatively recent time frames. In the present study, we examined patterns of niche evolution for a broad radiation of American blackbird species (Family Icteridae), exploring more deeply into phylogenetic history. Within each of three major blackbird lineages, overlap of ecological niches in principal components analysis transformed environmental space varied from high to none. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of ecological niche characteristics showed a general pattern of niche conservatism over evolutionary time, with differing degrees of innovation among lineages. Although blackbird niches were evolutionarily plastic over differing periods of time, they diverged within a limited set of ecological possibilities, resulting in examples of niche convergence among extant blackbird species. Hence, an understanding of the patterns of ecological niche evolution on broad phylogenetic scales sets the stage for framing questions of evolutionary causation, historical biogeography, and ancestral ecological characteristics more appropriately.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 94 , 869–878.     

Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

We describe the postcranial anatomy of the Miocene puma-sized ailurid Simocyon batalleri , discussing some aspects of its biomechanics and inferring a probable life style. The postcranial anatomy of S. batalleri was previously unknown due the fragmentary nature of its fossil record, and most of the available fossils corresponded to cranial and dental material. With the discovery of a rich sample from the Late Miocene natural trap of Batallones-1, to the south of Madrid (Spain), including the remains of at least two individuals of S. batalleri , it is possible to study for the first time the anatomy of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, complete forelimb and partial hind limb. The morphology of the forelimb, the lumbar region and the unexpected presence of a false-thumb are strongly suggestive of arboreal capabilities. Such locomotor abilities are consistent with a palaeobiological model of a generalized carnivore that foraged mainly on the ground but could readily climb to trees for safety if faced with the threat of larger competing carnivores.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 152 , 593–621.     

Microsatellite analysis of relatedness structure in young of the year of the endangered Zingel asper (Percidae) and implications for conservation

1. Zingel asper is one of the most endangered freshwater fish of Western Europe. Because of critical habitat loss and fragmentation, stocking or reintroduction protocols are sometimes considered even though few data are available about the behaviour and biology of the species.
2. The present study is the first attempt to explore the population genetic structure of juveniles (young of the year, YOY) of this endangered species using genetic markers (microsatellite loci). In the Beaume River (ardeche, France), Z. asper exhibits very low densities (10–80 fish per hectare), and it was expected that annual recruitment would comprise only few clutches (full- or half-sibs groups).
3. However, sibship reconstruction in one YOY cohort showed that more than 60% of the adult population reproduced. Dispersal rate in early YOY was high: relatedness estimates showed that only few months after hatching, YOY sibs were mixed among study sites. A large number of breeders together with high dispersal rates explain the high genetic variability observed in small populations of Z. asper .
4. Conservation strategies for the species are discussed based on these results, emphasizing the importance of conserving population genetic variability and preserving habitat connectivity for juveniles.