Evidence for mate‐encounter Allee effect in an invasive longhorn beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

1. Limited empirical support is available for mate‐encounter Allee effects in invasive insects due to the logistical challenges of studying demographic trends in low‐density populations. 2. Traps baited with pheromone and spruce volatiles were used to monitor the abundance of female Tetropium fuscum F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) at multiple sites in Nova Scotia in 2011 and 2012. Each female was dissected to determine the presence or absence of sperm in its spermatheca (mated or virgin female, respectively). 3. Both male and total T. fuscum abundance declined with increasing distance to the focal point of T. fuscum's invasion. Female mating probability declined with male abundance and with distance from the invasion focus, and mating probabilities were very low at the most peripheral sites. Difficulty in encountering mates may thus contribute to limiting the spread of T. fuscum. 4. The approach outlined here could be integrated into existing surveys of wood borers using traps baited with semiochemicals to improve our understanding of the role of the mate‐encounter Allee effect in invasion dynamics.     

The use of eddy covariance to infer the net carbon dioxide uptake of Brazilian rain forest

• 1 Eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ flux, based on four and six week campaigns in Rondôdnia, Brazil, have been used in conjunction with a model to scale up data to a whole year, and thus estimate the carbon balance of the tropical forest ecosystem, and the changes in carbon balance expected from small interannual variations in climatological conditions.
• 2 One possible source of error in this estimation arises from the difficulty in measuring fluxes under stably stratified meteorological conditions, such as occur frequently at night. Flux may be ‘lost’ because of low velocity advection, caused by nocturnal radiative cooling at sites on raised ground. Such effects may be detected by plotting the net ecosystem flux of CO₂, F_eco is a function of wind speed. If flux is ‘lost’ then F_eco is expected to decline with wind speed. In the present data set, this did not occur, and F_eco was similar to the nocturnal flux estimated independently from chamber measurements.
• 3 The model suggests that in 1992/3, the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) was 203.3 mol C m^?2 y^?1 and ecosystem respiration was 194.8 mol C m^?2 y^?1, giving an ecosystem carbon balance of 8.5 mol C m^?2 y^?1, equivalent to a sink of 1.0 ton C ha^?1 y^?1. However, the sign and magnitude of this figure is very sensitive to temperature, because of the strong influence of temperature on respiration.
• 4 The model also suggests that the effect of temperature on the net carbon balance is strongly dependent on the partial pressure of CO₂.

     

A mutation in aspergillus nidulans that blocks the transition from interphase to prophase

In order to develop a method for obtaining mitotic synchrony in aspergillus nidulans, we have characterized previously isolated heat-sensitive nim mutations that block the nuclear division cycle in interphase at restrictive temperature. After 3.5 h at restrictive temperature the mitotic index of a strain carrying one of these mutations, nimA5, was 0, but when this strain was subsequently shifted from restrictive to permissive temperature the mitotic index increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of 78 percent after 7.5 min. When this strain was examined electron-microscopically, mitotic spindles were absent at restrictive temperature. From these data we conclude that at restrictive temperature nimA5 blocks the nuclear division cycle at a point immediately preceding the initiation of chromosomal condensation and mitotic microtubule assembly, and upon shifting to permissive control over the initiation of microtubule assembly and chromosomal condensation in vivo through a simple temperature shift and, consequently, nimA5 should be a powerful tool for studying these processes. Electron-microscopic examination of spindles of material synchronized in this manner reveals that spindle formation, although very rapid, is gradual in the sense that spindle microtubule numbers increase as spindle formation proceeds.     

Mathematical determination of coiled shell volumes and surface areas

Mathematical models of shells enable researchers to estimate the maximum possible sizes of organisms that once occupied fossil shells. In this study, a whorl-by-whorl method of determining coiled shell volumes and surface areas is introduced. The whorl-by-whorl analysis yielded results that were more accurate than those obtained from a model that assumes isometric growth, when both were used to calculate volumes of gastropod shells. The whorl-by-whorl method is more laborious, but it is better suited for the analysis of shells exhibiting allometric variation than are methods that use models of isometric growth.     

Ventilatory Mechanism and Control in Grasshoppers

SYNOPSIS. Grasshoppers exhibit a diversity of ventilatory patternsdepending on activity status. For each pattern, the mechanismand control of gas exchange is analyzed in terms of a two-stepmodel, consisting of tracheolar and trans-spiracular steps inseries. During the intermittent gas exchange that characterizesthe most quiescent grasshoppers, spiracles open and close inresponse to changing carbon dioxide, and trans-spiracular resistancecontrols gas exchange. In resting but alert grasshoppers, abdominalpumping occurs, and gas exchange is controlled equally by tracheolarand trans-spiracular resistances; tracheal oxygen and carbondioxide are regulated by variation in abdominal pumping andspiracular opening. During hopping, abdominal pumping does notoccur, and bulk gas flow is driven by cuticular deformationsassociated with locomotion. Increased cellular oxygen consumptiondepends on use of internal oxygen stores and increased partialpressure gradients. After hopping ceases, abdominal pumpingincreases dramatically and restores tracheal gas composition;however, the rise in abdominal pumping after hopping is notaffected by tracheal gas levels. During flight, bulk flow tothe flight muscles is driven by tidal thoracic auto-ventilation,while the remainder of the body is ventilated by abdominal pumping.During both hopping and flight, the greatest resistances togas transport exist in the tracheolar rather than the trans-spiracularstep.     

Modelling power‐line collision risk for the Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus in South Africa

The Overberg wheatbelt population of Blue Cranes Anthropoides paradiseus in the Western Cape of South Africa is approximately half the global population of this vulnerable species. Blue Cranes are highly susceptible to collisions with overhead power lines, and a spatial model was developed to identify high‐risk lines in the Overberg for proactive mitigation. To ground‐truth this model, we surveyed 199 km of power lines. Although Blue Cranes were the most commonly killed birds found (54% of all carcasses), the model was unable to predict lines with high collision risk for Blue Cranes. Further Geographic Information System (GIS) modelling was undertaken to test a wider range of landscape and power‐line variables, but only the presence or absence of cultivated land could usefully identify lines posing a collision risk. Modelling was limited by a lack of detailed spatial habitat data and recent information on Crane numbers and distributions. We used recent carcass counts to estimate a Blue Crane collision rate, corrected for sample biases, of 0.31/km power line per year (95% CI 0.13–0.59/km/year), which means that approximately 12% (5–23%) of the total Blue Crane population within the Overberg study area is killed annually in power‐line collisions. This represents a possibly unsustainable source of mortality. There is urgent need for further research into risk factors and for mitigation measures to be more widely implemented.     

Eurycea bislineata (Green), the Two-Lined Salamander, a New Host of Myxidium serotinum Kudo & Sprague, 1940 (Myxosporida, Myxidiidae)

SYNOPSIS. Myxidium serotinum was found in 51 of 58 (87.9%) specimens of the two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata , from West Virginia. This constitutes a new host record. No specimens of the order Salientia, or other species of the order Caudata were infected. Eurycea bislineata appears to be the normal host of M. serotinum , which is specific for the gallbladder in a variety of amphibian hosts. Apparently, larval E. bislineata becomes infected with M. serotinum , and the parasite does not become a mature trophozoite until after the tadpoles metamorphose to the adult salamander. Certain host hormonal factors may be important to the maturation of M. serotinum.     

Nuclear DNA from a 180‐year‐old study skin reveals the phylogenetic position of the Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata (Passeriformes: Tyrannides)

The Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata is one of the most enigmatic bird species in South America, known only from specimens collected in the 19th century and a few recent observations. Knowledge of its biology is scanty and its systematic position is obscure. Traditionally, Calyptura was placed in the Cotingidae, but associated with genera that are now known to fall outside the Cotingidae. In an attempt to clarify its phylogenetic position, sequence data from four nuclear markers were obtained from a 180‐year‐old museum study skin of Calyptura, and incorporated into a comprehensive dataset of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins and allies. Our analyses demonstrate that Calyptura is most closely related to Platyrinchus and Neopipo and that these three genera constitute a deep branch in the clade containing the Rhynchocyclidae (tody‐tyrants and flatbills) and Tyrannidae (typical tyrant flycatchers). The Calyptura specimen is one of the oldest avian museum specimens from which a substantial amount of nuclear DNA sequence data have been obtained, and highlights the immense value of museum collections for DNA‐based phylogenetic studies.     

Persistent, non-seed-size maternal effects on life-history traits in the progeny generation in squash, Cucurbita pepo

Maternal-environmental effects on subsequent progeny life-history traits were evaluated in squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.) in terms of the amount of time available for seed development, and the timing of fruit production. Progeny arising from three kinds of fruit were compared. Plants from which fruits were removed 3 d post-pollination throughout the growing season developed only 'late' fruits (during 10–15 d) at the end of the growing season; on control plants both 'early' and 'late' fruits developed (both types allowed to ripen fully). Seed from each type of fruit was weighed individually and categorized into three size classes, then germinated and raised to maturity, including regular harvesting of all fruits 3 d post-pollination. Maternal effects were evident for both vegetative and reproductive traits and carried over to later stages. In contrast, effects due simply to seed size disappeared by day 30 for leaf variables and day 60 for male flower production. Within a seed-size class, progeny arising from fruit of treated plants produced significantly more leaves, with greater size, and more male flowers than those arising from fruit of control plants, while the reverse was true for fruit number and fruit mass. This result is discussed in terms of possible gibberellic acid involvement. In control plants, progeny arising from seeds in the large, fully mature 'early' fruits produced significantly more, and larger leaves by day 30 than did those from late fruits (suggesting differential provisioning in seeds during development). Male flower production had a highly significant positive correlation with vegetative mass and a significant negative correlation with fruit production.