APPLYING THE FOUR‐PRINCIPLE APPROACH

The four‐principle approach to biomedical ethics is used worldwide by practitioners and researchers alike but it is rather unclear what exactly people do when they apply this approach. Ranking, specification, and balancing vary greatly among different people regarding a particular case. Thus, a sound and coherent applicability of principlism seems somewhat mysterious. What are principlists doing? The article examines the methodological strengths and weaknesses of the applicability of this approach. The most important result is that a sound and comprehensible application of the four principles is additionally ensured by making use of the organizing meta‐principle of common morality, which is the starting point and constraining framework of moral reasoning.     

Identities and provenance of the gelechioid moths originally described by Francis Walker from 'unknown countries'

Abstract. The taxonomic placement and possible type-localities of twelve species and one genus of Gelechioidea described by Francis Walker from 'unknown countries' are discussed. Opisina arenosella Walker is the senior synonym of Nephantis serinopa Meyrick and Opisina Walker is the senior synonym of Nephantis serinopa Meyrick and Opisina Walker the senior synonym of Nephantis Meyrick; Aroga compositella (Walker), new combination, is the senior synonym of A.coloradensis (Busck); Cryptolechia metaphaeella Walker is a junior synonym of Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller); A.albulella (Walker), new combination, is the senior synonym of A.vestalis (Zeller), and A.spurcatella (Walker), new combination, is the senior synonym of A.chloromis (Meyrick). A lectotype for C.metaphaeella Walker is designated.