STEM AND LEAF GAS EXCHANGE OF TWO ARID LAND SHRUBS

Gas exchange studies were conducted on two shrub species found in cool shrub-steppe communities of the American West, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata Nutt.) and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britt. and Rusby), with a goal of evaluating characteristics and relative contributions of green stem and leaf material to total shoot CO₂ exchange at different temperatures. Variations in tissue temperature exerted a pronounced effect on CO₂ exchange—net photosynthesis and dark respiration—of green stems and leaves of both species. Definite temperature optima of net photosynthesis were noted, and dark respiration rates consistently increased with increases in temperature. Green stems of both species exhibited sizable dark respiration rates, although stem rates at all temperatures were lower than corresponding leaf rates. Artemisia tridentata did not exhibit sizeable green stem net photosynthesis even under conditions of optimal temperature and water availability, and leaf net photosynthesis rates were much lower than those of G. sarothrae. However, A. tridentata in general possessed a greater leaf biomass than G. sarothrae. Green stems of G. sarothrae exhibited considerable rates of net photosynthesis under both optimal and sub-optimal temperature and water availability conditions. A higher optimum temperature of net photosynthesis was noted for stems than for leaves of G. sarothrae. The adaptive significance of these interspecific differences in CO₂ exchange characteristics is discussed.     

Effects of natural and artificially induced reduction on soil solution phosphorus in rice soils

The effect of natural and artificial reduction on P extractability from soils used for rice production and the relation of these values to response to fertilizer P were investigated. Soil solution P increased from a mean of 3.8 mg P·kg^?1 soil for naturally oxidized slurries of 28 soils to 19.8mg P·kg^?1 when the soils were naturally reduced. The mean values were further increased to 40.8 and 45.3 mg·kg^?1 when the soils were reduced with 0.1M Na₂S₂O₄ and 0.2M Na₂S₂O₄, respectively. These P-values compare with 18.2 mg kg^?1 when the dry soils were extracted with Bray No. 1 extractant. When the yields of rice were correlated with solution and extracted P, the R²'s for the quadratic relationships were 0.40^**, 0.31^*, 0.34^**, 0.30^*, and 0.55^** for the naturally oxidized, the naturally reduced, 0.1M Na₂S₂O₄, 0.2M Na₂S₂O₄ and Bray No. 1, respectively. The Cate-Nelson calculation confirmed the superiority of the weak acid Bray extractant and the critical value of 8.6 mg P·kg^?1 soil needed for satisfactory yields of rice. There was little response of rice to added fertilizer P on soils with solution P-values greater than 0.09 mg P·l^?1 in oxygenated soil slurries. Some soils with solution P of this order and high amounts of Bray No. 1 extractable P still gave modest responses to fertilizer P. Although natural or chemically induced reduction increased soil solution P, it did not improve prediction of yield response of rice to added fertilizer P.     

Chlamydial hemagglutinin identified as lipopolysaccharide.

Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) agglutinated mouse and rabbit erythrocytes but not human, guinea pig, or pronghorn antelope erythrocytes. Hemagglutination was not specific for Chlamydia spp., as rough LPSs from Coxiella burnetii and Escherichia coli also agglutinated erythrocytes from the same animal species. Nonagglutinated and agglutinated erythrocytes bound equivalent amounts of LPS, indicating that hemagglutination was not due to a specific interaction of chlamydial LPS with erythrocytes. Thus, hemagglutination by chlamydial LPS is not mediated by specific receptor-ligand interactions but is a property of the altered surface of the LPS-coated erythrocytes.     

Respiratory CO(2) as Carbon Source for Nocturnal Acid Synthesis at High Temperatures in Three Species Exhibiting Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Temperature effects on nocturnal carbon gain and nocturnal acid accumulation were studied in three species of plants exhibiting Crassulacean acid metabolism: Mamillaria woodsii, Opuntia vulgaris, and Kalanchoë daigremontiana. Under conditions of high soil moisture, nocturnal CO₂ gain and acid accumulation had temperature optima at 15 to 20°C. Between 5 and 15°C, uptake of atmospheric CO₂ largely accounted for acid accumulation. At higher tissue temperatures, acid accumulation exceeded net carbon gain indicating that acid synthesis was partly due to recycling of respiratory CO₂. When plants were kept in CO₂-free air, acid accumulation based on respiratory CO₂ was highest at 25 to 35°C. Net acid synthesis occurred up to 45°C, although the nocturnal carbon balance became largely negative above 25 to 35°C. Under conditions of water stress, net CO₂ exchange and nocturnal acid accumulation were reduced. Acid accumulation was proportionally more decreased at low than at high temperatures. Acid accumulation was either similar over the whole temperature range (5-45°C) or showed an optimum at high temperatures, although net carbon balance became very negative with increasing tissue temperatures. Conservation of carbon by recycling respiratory CO₂ was temperature dependent. At 30°C, about 80% of the dark respiratory CO₂ was conserved by dark CO₂ fixation, in both well irrigated and water stressed plants.     

Growth kinetics ofPseudomonas fluorescens microcolonies within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments

Computer-enhanced microscopy (CEM) was used to study the growth kinetics of bacterial microcolonies attached to the wall of a continuous-flow slide culture. Image processing increased effective microscope resolution and quantitated colony growth at 10 min intervals. Three growth parameters were used to determine growth rate: the time required for cell fission, the specific rate of increase in cell number, and the specific rate of increase in cell area. Growth rate was initially constant regardless of colony size, as assumed previously in deriving colonization kinetics. However, at low substrate concentrations growth rate varied depending on laminar flow velocity. Growth was flow-dependent at a glucose concentration of 100 mg/liter and flow-independent at a concentration of 1 g/liter. This indicated that the surface microenvironment became substrate-depleted in the absence of sufficient laminar flow velocities and that glucose rather than oxygen was rate limiting.     

Some effects of glucose and ammonia on protein synthesis by rumen bacteria

Summary Four species of ruminal anaerobic bacteria:Bacteroides ruminicola Succinivibrio dexrinosolvesn, Selenomonas ruminantium, andStreptococcus bovis, were used in growth experiments to study the effects of ammonia-nitrogen concentration, at several levels of fermentable energy, on nutrient utilization and protein synthesis. The optimal available ammonia concentration for use without wastage by most of the organisms was 5.4 mmol/l, butBacteroides ruminicola used as much as 27 mmol/l ammonia. All the organisms used 27 mmol/l glucose completely. Differences were found among the organisms in the optimal available glucose and ammonia concentrations associated with maximal total protein formation and maximal protein formation per unit of glucose or ammonia used during growth. The glucose concentration associated with most efficient conversion of glucose to protein (5.4 mmol/l) byBacteroides ruminicola andSuccinivibrio dextrinosolvens was five-fold less than that associated with most efficient protein formation per unit of glucose used byStreptococcus bovis andSelenomonas ruminantium. Under nutritional conditions associated with ruminant productivity, it is likely that, for both microbe and animal, substantial nutrient waste occurs.

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Resumen Los efectos de la concenración de N-amónico, considerando distintos niveles de energía fermentable, en la utilización de nutrientes y en la síntesis de proteínas se estudiaron mediante experiencias de crecimiento de cuatro bacterias del rumen:Bacteroides ruminicola, Succinovibrio dexrinosolvens, Selenomonas ruminantum yStreptococcus bovis. La concentración óptima de amoniaco, es decir aquella utilizada sin despilfarro, fue de 5.4 mmol/l para la maoría de los microorganismos, exceptuando aBacteroides ruminicola que podía llegar a utilizar hasta 27 mmol/l. Todos los microorganismos utilizaron 27 mmol/l de glucosa. Las concentraciones óptimas de amoniaco y glucosa asociadas bien sea a la máxima formación de proteínas totales a a la máxima formación de proteínas por unidad de glucosa o amoniaco utilizadas durante el crecimiento fueron distintas entre los diferentes organismos estudiados. La conversión en proteína a partir de glucosa se realizó más eficazmente a concentraciones de 5.4 mmol/l de esta paraBacteroides ruminicola ySuccinovibrio dextrinosolvens, concentración cinco veces menor que la utilizada porStreptococcuus bovis ySelenomonas ruminantium. Considerando las condiciones de nutrición ligadas a la producción de rumiantes es probable que tanto en relación al microorganismo como en relación al animal se produzca un despilfarro de nutrientes importante.

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Résumé Quatre espèces de bactéries anaérobies du rumen (Bacteroides ruminicola, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium etStreptococcus bovis) ont été utilisées dans des expériences de croissance ayant pour but d'étudier, en fonction de plusieurs niveaux d'énergie fermentescible, l'effet de la concentration en azote ammoniacal sur l'utilisation des substances nutritives et la synthèse protéique. Pour la plupart des organismes, la concentation maximum en ammoniaque permettant d'éviter une perte est de 5,4 mmol/l. Toutefois,Bacteroides ruminicola peut utiliser jusqu'à 27 mmol/l d'ammoniaque. Tous les organismes utilisent complétement une quantité de glucose de 27 mmol/l. Des différences entre les organismes ont été constatées en ce qui concerne les concentrations optimales en glucose et en ammoniaque qui assurent une croissance totale et une production de protéines maximale par unité de glucose et d'ammoniaque utilisée. ChezBacterioides ruminicola etSuccinivibrio dextrinosolvens, la concentration en glucose assurant la conversion la plus efficace du glucose en protéines (5,4 mmol/l) est 5 fois moindre que dans le cas deStreptococcus bovis etSelenomonas ruminantium. Il est probable que, dans les conditions nutritionnelles utilisées en élevage des ruminants, des quantités importantes d'aliments soient perdues.

     

Long-Term Effects of Crude Oil on Uptake and Respiration of Glucose and Glutamate in Arctic and Subarctic Marine Sediments

The effects of crude oil on uptake and respiration (mineralization) of glucose and glutamate in marine sediments were investigated. After the sediments were treated with crude oil, they were replaced at or near the collection site by scuba divers. These sediments remained in situ until they were retrieved for analysis. Glucose and glutamate uptake rates were found to decrease, and the percent respired was found to increase in Arctic and subarctic marine sediments that had been exposed to fresh crude oil. These same changes were also observed when “weathered” crude oil was used and when untreated sediments were overlaid with oiled sediments. When the kinetics of glutamate uptake were determined, both the maximum potential uptake rate and the turnover time were significantly affected. A comparison between the proportion of glucose taken into the cells and that respired as CO₂ indicated that crude oil affected biosynthetic mechanisms. A study of sediments that had been exposed to crude oil for at least 5 months showed that glutamate transport into the cells was affected more extensively than biosynthetic mechanisms. In the initial months of exposure, bacterial concentrations and total adenylate concentrations were found to decrease in the presence of crude oil. Our data suggest that secondary productivity in the marine environment could be adversely affected by the presence of crude oil in marine sediments.