A maize ADP‐ribosylation factor ZmArf2 increases organ and seed size by promoting cell expansion in Arabidopsis

ADP‐ribosylation factors (ARFs) are small GTP‐binding proteins that regulate a wide variety of cell functions. Previously, we isolated a new ARF, ZmArf2, from maize (Zea mays). Sequence and expression characteristics indicated that ZmArf2 might play a critical role in the early stages of endosperm development. In this study, we investigated ZmArf2 function by analysis of its GTP‐binding activity and subcellular localization. We also over‐expressed ZmArf2 in Arabidopsis and measured organ and cell size and counted cell numbers. The expression levels of five organ size‐associated genes were also determined in 35S::ZmArf2 transgenic and wild‐type plants. Results showed that the recombinant ZmArf2 protein purified from Escherichia coli exhibited GTP‐binding activity. Subcellular localization revealed that ZmArf2 was localized in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. ZmArf2 over‐expression in Arabidopsis showed that 35S::ZmArf2 transgenic plants were taller and had larger leaves and seeds compared to wild‐type plants, which resulted from cell expansions, not an increase in cell numbers. In addition, three cell expansion‐related genes, AtEXP3, AtEXP5 and AtEXP10, were upregulated in 35S::ZmArf2 transgenic lines, while the expression levels of AtGIF1 and AtGRF5, were unchanged. Collectively, our studies suggest that ZmArf2 has an active GTP‐binding function, and plays a crucial role in growth and development in Arabidopsis through cell expansion mediated by cell expansion genes.     

前列腺癌细胞Transwell 小室体外侵袭模型的建立 及应用价值研究

目的:建立前列腺癌细胞transwell小室体外侵袭模型,并探讨该侵袭模型在前列腺癌转移研究方面的意义。方法:将200μl2组前列腺癌细胞加入Transwell小室侵袭模型上室分别培养12、24、36、48h,加入侵袭模型上室的细胞取不同浓度(1.0×105、2.0×105、3.0×105、4.0×105/m1)温箱中培养,在不同时间点观察不同浓度的前列腺癌细胞穿过基质膜的细胞数,测定2组前列腺癌细胞系的侵袭能力。结果:穿过ECM胶聚碳酸酯膜的细胞在第12h较少,而随着时间的延长逐渐增多。细胞穿膜在24小时前后最显著;同时,穿过人工基底膜的细胞数随着细胞浓度增高而增多,但细胞浓度大于3.0×105/ml时,穿过人工基底膜的细胞数无明显变化。结论:本实验成功建立了前列腺癌细胞Transwell小室体外侵袭模型,其在前列腺癌研究方面具有较高的应用价值。该侵袭模型的建立可间接判断肿瘤的侵袭力并且对探明前列腺癌的转移机制及影响因素具有重要意义。     

Decoupling Analysis of Four Selected Countries

We examine decoupling conditions of domestic extraction of materials, energy use, and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from gross domestic product (GDP) for two BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries (i.e., China and Russia) and two Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries (Japan and the United States) during 2000–2007, using a pair of decoupling indicators for resource use (D_r) and waste emissions (D_e) and the decoupling chart, which can distinguish between absolute decoupling, relative decoupling, and non‐decoupling. We find that (1) during 2000–2007, decoupling between environmental indicators and GDP was higher in the two OECD countries as compared with the two BRIC countries. The key reason is that these countries were in different development stages with different economic growth rates. (2) Changes in environmental policies can significantly influence the degree of decoupling in a country. (3) China, Japan, and the United States were more successful in decoupling SO₂ emissions from GDP than in decoupling material and energy use from GDP. The main reason is that, unlike resource use, waste emissions (e.g., SO₂ emissions) can be reduced by effective end‐of‐pipe treatment. (4) The decoupling indicator is different from the changing rate of resource use and waste emissions. If two countries have different GDP growth rates, even though they may have similar values using the decoupling indicator, they may show different rates of change for resource use and waste emissions.     

纳豆激酶液态发酵条件的研究

考察纳豆杆菌在7.5 L发酵罐中分批发酵产纳豆激酶的条件,纳豆激酶酶活采用四肽底物测定。结果表明:纳豆杆菌生长和产酶的适宜条件不一致。发酵过程中发酵罐搅拌转速控制为500 r/min不变,0～12 h时控制pH为8.0、温度为37℃;12～36 h调整pH为7.0、温度为30℃;16 h时补加外源C源,连续发酵36 h。该过程中发酵液中比酶活最高达到3 232 U/mL,与摇瓶发酵相比,比酶活提高了58%。     

中国兰科禾叶兰属一新记录种——扁茎禾叶兰

报道了中国兰科植物一新记录种,扁茎禾叶兰Agrostophyllum planicaule(Wall.ex Lindl.)Rchb.f..本种主要特点是茎扁平,柱头基部有2个牛角状突起,可与本属其他种明显区分开.     

灰葡萄孢丝裂原活化蛋白激酶编码基因bmp1和bmp3的功能

【背景】植物病原真菌丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号途径参与病菌有性生殖、细胞壁完整、菌丝侵染、致病力、胁迫响应等过程,灰葡萄孢MAPK信号途径参与病菌生长发育、致病力以及胁迫响应,但MAPK信号途径基因在灰葡萄孢中的功能尚未完全阐明,该信号途径对灰葡萄孢的生长发育和致病力的调控机制尚不明确。【目的】明确灰葡萄孢MAPK编码基因bmp1、bmp3在病菌生长发育、致病力以及氧化胁迫响应过程的功能,为进一步阐明MAPK信号途径调控灰葡萄孢生长发育和致病力的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】利用RNAi技术构建灰葡萄孢MAPK编码基因bmp1和bmp3的RNAi突变体,并以野生型BC22菌株为对照,对bmp1和bmp3基因的RNAi突变体的表型、致病力以及对氧化胁迫的敏感性进行分析。【结果】灰葡萄孢bmp1和bmp3基因的RNAi突变体其菌落形态、菌丝形态均与野生型BC22菌株没有明显差别;bmp1基因的RNAi突变体生长速率明显减慢,分生孢子产量明显降低;bmp3基因的RNAi突变体的生长速率与野生型BC22菌株没有明显差别,不能产生分生孢子。bmp1和bmp3基因的RNAi突变体在番茄果实的表面均不能产生明显的致病症状,而且不能穿透玻璃纸。bmp1基因的RNAi突变体在含有H_2O_2的培养基上受抑制的程度显著低于野生型,而在含甲萘醌的培养基上受抑制的程度显著高于野生型;bmp3基因的RNAi突变体在含有H_2O_2和甲萘醌的培养基受抑制的程度均显著高于野生型。【结论】灰葡萄孢bmp1基因正调控病菌生长、分生孢子形成、致病力和穿透能力,参与调控病菌对氧化胁迫的响应;灰葡萄孢bmp3基因正调控病菌分生孢子形成、致病力、穿透能力以及对氧化胁迫的响应。     

颈髓损伤后线粒体系列酶活性变化与线粒体功能的关系

为了探讨颈髓损伤后颈髓线粒体系列酶活性变化与线粒体功能的关系,采用Ａｌｅｎ法造成猫颈髓损伤,观察颈髓损伤后线粒体Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及线粒体呼吸功能的变化。结果显示：颈髓损伤后２ｈ至７２ｈ,Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性、ＳＯＤ活性明显降低,而线粒体呼吸控制率（ＲＣＲ）、磷氧比值（Ｐ／Ｏ）、氧化磷酸化效率（ＯＰＲ）也明显下降。表明颈髓损伤后Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶、ＳＯＤ活性与线粒体功能密切相关,提示颈髓线粒体的病理生理改变在颈髓损伤后继发性损害过程中起重要作用。     

同水塘分布两种无尾两栖类蝌蚪的竞争策略

实验室条件下,通过活动性水平,变态时的体重、增长率和完成变态所需时间考察同水塘分布的中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和高原林蛙蝌蚪(Rana kukunoris)的竞争策略。实验按照2×3因子设计,即:食物资源2个水平(高、低),组合方式3个水平(10只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪,记为B组;5只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪和5只高原林蛙蝌蚪,记为BR组;10只高原林蛙蝌蚪,记为R组)。中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的活动性在食物水平低时显著低于食物水平高时,而高原林蛙蝌蚪的活动性在不同食物水平下无显著差异;食物水平低时,混合组的高原林蛙蝌蚪变态时体重和体重增长率都显著高于R组,而混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪与B组相比无显著差异;在不同处理组中,食物水平低时混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪幼体期最短。这些结果表明:中华蟾蜍蝌蚪在不同食物资源条件下所选择的生存策略可能不同,即食物资源充足时,增加活动性获取更多食物;食物资源有限时,降低活动性且提前完成变态;与中华蟾蜍蝌蚪相比,在食物资源有限时高原林蛙蝌蚪获取食物能力更强。     

小鼠呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型标准化血清制备及ELISA检测方法的建立

目的制备标准化小鼠呼肠孤病毒III型（reovirus 3,Reo-3）免疫血清,建立小鼠Reo-3抗体ELISA检测方法。方法使用动物来源的Reo-3病毒感染BALB/c小鼠,获得高效价免疫血清;以BHK-21细胞制备Reo-3病毒抗原,同时制备做正常对照抗原。滴定抗原和标准化小鼠Reo-3血清的最佳工作浓度,进行特异性、敏感性、重复性、稳定性等实验。结果制备18 mL抗Reo-3血清,经检测,IFA效价达1∶640,IEA效价达1∶160;Reo-3抗原和标准化小鼠Reo-3免疫血清最佳工作浓度分别为5μg/mL和1∶2400;该ELISA检测体系Reo-3特异抗原批内变异系数为3.8%,批间变异系数为4.0%;检测灵敏度〉1∶4400;与仙台病毒（SV）、小鼠肝炎病毒（MHV）、小鼠腺病毒（Mad）、小鼠脑脊髓炎病毒（TMEV）、小鼠多瘤病毒（POLY）均无交叉反应。经37℃破坏性试验,2 d稳定性试验相对偏差〈27%。结论本研究制备的Reo-3抗血清达到同批次大量高滴度的水平,可作为检测实验小鼠Reo-3病原的标准化质控血清。本研究建立的ELISA方法重复性、稳定性好,特异性、敏感性强。该体系可用于大、小鼠等实验动物Reo-3抗体的检测。     

甘肃马铃薯种植布局对区域气候变化的响应

基于甘肃省地面气象观测站1961—2008年气象观测资料和马铃薯生长条件,选择最佳小网格推算模型推算出500m×500m的高分辨率的网格序列;确立马铃薯种植适宜性气候区划指标,结合地理信息资料,运用GIS技术,开展马铃薯种植适宜性动态气候区划。结果表明:气候变化使马铃薯最适宜区和适宜区面积分别减小35%和3%,次适宜区和可种植区面积分别扩大18.5%和6.6%,不适宜区面积缩小2.0%。提出了马铃薯应对气候变化建议:各地应根据气候特点,调整作物布局;适当调整播种日期,躲避影响马铃薯产量的春霜冻、块茎形成期的高温危害及伏期干旱等;采取多种农业措施,扩大马铃薯种植面积,提高复种指数。预计随着未来气候进一步变暖,该地区的马铃薯生长发育、产量和结构布局将会继续受到影响,研究成果可为甘肃马铃薯生产以及适应气候变化提供科学参考依据。