Common resistance in red raspberry to Botrytis cinerea and Didymella applanata, two pathogens occupying the same ecological niche

Comparisons were made between Botrytis cinerea and Didymella applanata, which occupy the same ecological niche on canes of red raspberry. Isolates of B. cinerea from diverse localities within the British Isles were pathogenic to the SCRI selection M30 when internodal wounds on young canes were inoculated. A single inoculation frequently caused the buds at several nodes to fail the following spring. Differences in the lengths of the stem lesions that formed indicated differences in isolate pathogenicity, but these were not related to isolate origin. Bud suppression and lateral shoot failure also occurred when petioles of cvs Mailing Orion, Mailing Jewel and Glen Clova were wound inoculated with B. cinerea up to late August. The relative resistance of seven cultivars to three isolates of each pathogen was determined. Principal components analysis of data from five estimates of resistance to each pathogen showed that 40% of the variation described a common resistance to the two diseases. Further analysis showed that cvs Chilcotin and Meeker had the strongest common resistance and that cvs Glen Prosen and Mailing Jewel had the weakest. The remaining variation described cultivar differences in relative bud length after petiole inoculation with either pathogen, and differences in the relative importance of spring and autumn symptoms. Only 7% of the variation indicated independent resistance to the two pathogens and this was not influenced by cultivar differences.     

云南省米虾属一新种(十足目：匙指虾科)

报道了米虾属一新种-昆明米虾Caridina kunmingensis Wang et Liang,sp.nov.。昆明米虾与石林米虾Caridina shilinica Liang et Cai2000有相似之处,但前者额角较短,前两对步足腕节和螯短而粗,雄性第1腹肢内肢、雄附肢形态和结构均与后者不同。     

A genetic ensemble approach for gene-gene interaction identification

Background  

It has now become clear that gene-gene interactions and gene-environment interactions are ubiquitous and fundamental mechanisms for the development of complex diseases. Though a considerable effort has been put into developing statistical models and algorithmic strategies for identifying such interactions, the accurate identification of those genetic interactions has been proven to be very challenging.     

THE ANATOMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL BASIS OF PRIMARY URINE FORMATION IN BIVALVE MOLLUSCS

This paper examines the anatomical and ultrastructural basisof filtration in bivalves, and proposes a mechanism by whichthe filtrate is derived by a combination of hydrostatic pressureand suction generated by auricular and other muscles, assistedby cilia in the walls of the renopericardial canals. It is proposedthat the primitive auricular site of filtration becomes lessefficient with increasing size and may impair the contractilityof the auricle. The migration of the filter, including bloodsupply and muscles, to a separate pericardial site is indicatedby the discovery in two species, including Scrobicularia plana,with functional pericardial glands, of vestigial glands in theauricle. The development of a filtration site in the pericardialwall, where constraints on size do not exist, made possiblethe increase in the rate of urine formation which must accompanycolonization of estuarine and freshwater habitats. In freshwatergenera such as Anodonta the problem of creating a sufficientpressure gradient for a high rate of filtration is overcomeby the separation of that part of the pericardial cavity drainedby the renopericardial canal (the Nebenhöhle) from thechamber housing the heart. Contraction of predominantly transversemuscles in the wall of the Nebenhöhle is believed to beresponsible for expelling urine from it along the renopericardialcanals to the kidneys. The fine structure of the filtrationsite in ten species of bivalve is described. (Received 1 November 1992; accepted 6 December 1992)     

Effects of inflammatory cytokine IL-27 on the activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction  

Interleukin (IL)-27 is a novel member of the IL-6/IL-12 family cytokines that are produced early by antigen-presenting cells in T helper (Th)1-mediated inflammation. Elevated expression of IL-27 has been detected in the synovial membranes and fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).     

The participation of phosphate in the formation of a carrier for the transport of Mg++ and Mn++ ions into yeast cells

During the absorption of phosphate by yeast, the cells acquire the capacity to absorb Mn⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺, a capacity which is retained even after phosphate is no longer present in the medium. Cells pretreated with phosphate and then washed, slowly lose their ability to absorb Mn⁺⁺, the rate of loss depending on the temperature and on the metabolic state. The fermentation of sugars induces a very rapid loss of absorptive capacity, whereas the respiration of ethyl alcohol, lactate, or pyruvate has little effect. Inhibitor studies with sodium acetate, redox dyes, and arsenate, reveal parallel effects on Mn⁺⁺ absorption, and on phosphate absorption. It is concluded that the synthesis of a carrier for the transport of Mg⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ involves a phosphorylation step closely coupled with reactions involved in the absorption of phosphate.