Nitrogen Mobilization from Stubble and Roots during Re-growth of Defoliated Perennial Ryegrass

Nitrogen re-mobilization during ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)re-growth was studied as a function of time. Roots and stubblecompounds were labelled with ¹⁵N before clipping. Experimentalresults clearly showed that ryegrass re-growth involves twoperiods of differing physiological significance. The first occursduring the first 6 d when nearly all the nitrogen of the newleaves comes from organic nitrogen re-mobilized from roots andstubble. At the same time, the uptake of nitrogen from the mediumis very low, no reduction of endogenous nitrate occurs and proteolysisand amino amido nitrogen re-mobilization in stubble are notfully compensated for by synthesis.Thus, the change in protein-Ncontent, expressed per plant, in stubble decreases from 998µg (uncut plant) to 866 µg and 661 µg for2 d and 4 d respectively after cutting. The second period (afterthe sixth day) may be more representative of stable behaviourof ryegrass, with assimilation of mineral nitrogen from themedium providing the predominant source of nitrogen for re-growth. Key words: Lolium perenne L., nitrogen, re-growth     

The life cycle of Hydrichthys tnirus (Gnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae: Pandeidae)

The previously unknown life cycle of the parasitic hydroid Hydrichthys mirus is described. The adult medusa has 5–6 tentacles and could be referred to Leuckartiara. Another species of Hydrichthys has previously been shown to have a Stomotoca -like medusa, characterized by the possession of two tentacles. It is proposed that Hydrichthys originated from the Leuckartiara lineage and that, through paedomorphosis in at least one species, the medusa retained the two-tentacle state of the newly-released medusa of all pandeids, thus becoming referable to Stomotoca. It is suggested that Stomotoca has hitherto constituted a polyphyletic taxon, embracing parallel lineages of pandeids, each retaining juvenile features. An additional genus, Larsonia , is introduced to accommodate species with Stomotoca-like medusae and Hydrichthys -like hydroids.     

Facts and Hypotheses Concerning the Control of Odontoblast Differentiation

Numerous studies using amphibians have demonstrated that preodontoblasts emerging from the dental papilla are derived from cranial neural crest cells [4, 12, 46, 64]. However this has not been established for mammals. The history of odontogenesis begins during the early stages of cranial-facial development when the maxillary and mandibular processes develop. Continuous epithelio-mesenchymal interactions condition the histogenesis and morphogenesis of the teeth [24–26, 43, 44, 49, 51,58] as well as the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts [23, 47, 52, 54, 59, 61, 67].
During recent years a considerable amount of experimental data relating to differentiation of odontoblasts has been published. We summarize these data and attempt to integrate them in deductive hypotheses concerning the control of odontoblast differentiation.     

Androgen Regulation of Avian Premigratory Hyperphagia and Fattening: From Eco-Physiology to Neuroendocrinology

In many high latitude-breeding avian species, reproductive andwintering seasons are separated by migratory periods that involvedramatic physiological and behavioral adjustments such as hyperphagiaand fat deposition. The endocrine mechanisms responsible forthese adjustments have been extensively studied, yet remainonly partly understood. The currently available informationindicates that food consumption and/or fattening can be experimentallymodulated by multiple hormones including testosterone, prolactin,glucocorticoids, and opioids. These hormones may control migratoryfunctions through mutual interactions rather than independently.Little is known, however, concerning the nature of these interactionsand their relative importance in the control of annual cyclesin natural conditions. This paper focuses on the role of gonadalandrogens in the control of migratory functions, and it summarizesthe information which is available on the physiological andbehavioral interactions between these androgens and other hormones.     

La Genèse des Mérozoïtes chez la Coccidie Eimeria necatrix. Etude Ultrastructurale*

RESUME. Les schizontes de 2 ème génération d'Eimeria necatrix ont étéétudiés au microscope électronique. La différenciation des mérozoïtes est associée à la dernière mitose, qui ne semble pas différer essentiellement des précédentes. Les mérozoïtes se développent à la périphérie du schizonte. Le conoide et 22 microtubules sous pelliculaires, probablement induits par les centrioles, et le complexe membranaire interne ainsi que les précurseurs des rhoptries, qui semblent issus de l'appareil de Golgi, apparaissent auprès de chaque pôle nucléaire, sous la membrane du schizonte. Ces organites sont les premiers inclus dans les ébauches de mérozoïtes. Puis, le noyau, le dictyosome et les vésicules multimembranaires pénètrent dans les futurs mérozoïtes. Les micronèmes, probablement formés par l'appareil de Golgi, et les grains d'amylopectine sont produits plus tard, quand les mérozoïtes se séparent du reliquat cytoplasmique. Le mode de genèse de ces divers organites et les relations entre le dernière mitose et la différenciation sont discutés. SYNOPSIS. Second generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix were studied with the aid of the electron microscope. Differentiation of daughter merozoites is associated with the last mitosis, which is not significantly different from the earlier ones. The merozoites develop at the periphery of the schizont. The conoid and 22 subpellicular microtubules, probably induced by centrioles, and the inner membranes complex and the rhoptry anlagen which seem to be produced by the Golgi apparatus, appear close to each nuclear pole, just near the schizont membrane. These organelles are the first to appear in the merozoite anlagen. Then, nucleus, dictyosome and multimembranous vesicles enter the budding merozoites. Micronemes, probably originating from Golgi apparatus, and amylopectin granules are produced later, when daughter merozoites separate from the residuum. The genesis of these various organelles and the relation between the last mitosis and differentiation are discussed.     

NADH and NADPH Dependent Malate Dehydrogenases of Phaseolus vulgaris

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) leaf extracts catalyse the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate in the presence of NADH and NADPH. Under the experimental conditions used, the optimum pH values are 8 and 6 respectively. After chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, two principal forms of NADH-MDH (L-malate: NAD⁺ oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.37) upon which NADPH activities are superposed, can be characterized. This result is confirmed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. On the other hand, after filtration on Ultrogel 34, NADH-MDH is eluted as a single peak; once again, NADPH activity is associated with it. When PtCl^2?₄, a powerful inhibitor of MDH, is added to the reaction medium, the degree of inhibition is the same irrespective of the cofactor employed. When root extracts are submitted to chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, activity profiles are identical to those obtained with leaves. These results suggest that the NAD dependent enzymes can also utilize NADP to reduce oxaloacetate. After addition of dithiothreitol, another NADPH-MDH activity manifests itself in the leaf extracts; it differs from the foregoing ones in its optimum pH, its chromatographic properties and its response to PtCl^2?₄ action. Root extracts do not exhibit this activity thus showing a specific localization of this enzyme in the green part of the plant.     

Diagnosing the environmental causes of the decline in Grey Partridge Perdix perdix survival in France

We studied Grey Partridge Perdix perdix mortality during breeding to identify the environmental causes of a long‐term decline in adult survival. We radiotagged and monitored daily from mid‐March to mid‐September 1009 females on ten contrasting study sites in 1995‐97. Simultaneously, we recorded habitat features and estimated the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers Circus cyaneus and C. aeruginosus Red Fox Vulpes vulpes and mustelids. We experimentally tested whether scavenging could have biased predation rates. We also examined, through the necropsy of 80 carcasses of Grey Partridge, whether disease, parasites or poisoning could have been ultimate causes of high predation rates. The survival rate of radiotagged females during spring and summer ranged from 0.25 to 0.65 across study areas. Mortality peaked in May, June and July when females were laying and incubating. The direct negative impact of farming practices was low (6%). Predation was the main proximate cause of female mortality during breeding (73%) and determined the survival rate, suggesting no compensation by other causes of mortality. Ground carnivores were responsible for 64% of predation cases, and raptors for 29%, but this proportion varied across study sites. Disease and poisoning did not appear to favour predation, and scavenging was not likely to have substantially overestimated predation rates. The predation rate on breeding females was positively correlated with the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers, suggesting an additional mortality in areas where harriers were abundant. The proportion of raptor predation was linearly related to harrier abundance. The predation rate was not correlated with the abundance of the Red Fox and mustelids. A potential density‐dependent effect on the predation rate was confounded by the abundance of harriers. We found no convincing relationship between the predation rate and habitat features, but we observed a positive relationship between the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers and the mean field size. This suggested that habitat characteristics may contribute to high predation rates through predator abundance or habitat‐dependent predation.     

SUMMARY OF GREEN PLANT PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION

Abstract— A cladogram of green plants involving all major extant groups of green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and seed plants is presented. It is partly based on contributions by B. Mishler and S. Churchill, H. Wagner, and P. Crane. The relationships of green plants to other green organisms ( Prochloron , euglenophytes) are discussed. The characters and subclades of the cladogram are briefly discussed, with an attempt to indicate weak points. The possibility of including some major extinct groups is considered. A cladistic classification consistent with the cladogram is presented. Grades are abandoned as taxa and major clades like the division Chlorophyta (green algae excluding micro-monadophytes and charophytes sensu Mattox and Stewart), the division Streptophyta (charophytes + embryophytes), the subdivision Embryophytina (land plants or embryophytes), the superclass Tracheidatae (tracheophytes), and the class Spermatopsida (seed plants) are recognized.