Enantioselective synthesis of 1-methoxy- and 1-deoxy-2'-methyl-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols: new selective ligands for the CB2 receptor

Two new series of cannabinoids were prepared and their affinities for the CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined. These series are the (2'R)- and (2'S)-1-methoxy- and 1-deoxy-3-(2'-methylalkyl)-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols, with alkyl side chains of three to seven carbon atoms. These compounds were prepared by a route that employed the enantioselective synthesis of the resorcinol precursors to the cannabinoid ring system. All of these compounds have greater affinity for the CB2 receptor than the CB1 receptor and four of them, (2'R)-1-methoxy-3-(2'-methylbutyl)-delta8-THC (JWH-359), (2'S)-1-deoxy-3-(2'-methylbutyl)-delta8-THC (JWH-352), (2'S)-1-deoxy-3-(2'-methylpentyl)-delta8-THC (JWH-255), and (2'R)-1-deoxy-3-(2'-methylpentyl)-delta8-THC (JWH-255), have good affinity (K(i) = 13-47 nM) for the CB2 receptor and little affinity (K(i) = 1493 to >10,000 nM) for the CB1 receptor. In the 1-deoxy-3-(2'-methylalkyl)-delta8-THC series, the 2'S-methyl compounds in general have greater affinity for the CB2 receptor than the corresponding 2'R isomers.     

Actin filaments are required for fibripositor-mediated collagen fibril alignment in tendon

Cells in tendon deposit parallel arrays of collagen fibrils to form a functional tissue, but how this is achieved is unknown. The cellular mechanism is thought to involve the formation of intracellular collagen fibrils within Golgi to plasma membrane carriers. This is facilitated by the intracellular processing of procollagen to collagen by members of the tolloid and ADAMTS families of enzymes. The carriers subsequently connect to the extracellular matrix via finger-like projections of the plasma membrane, known as fibripositors. In this study we have shown, using three-dimensional electron microscopy, the alignment of fibripositors with intracellular fibrils as well as an orientated cable of actin filaments lining the cytosolic face of a fibripositor. To demonstrate a specific role for the cytoskeleton in coordinating extracellular matrix assembly, cytochalasin was used to disassemble actin filaments and nocodazole or colchicine were used to disrupt microtubules. Microtubule disruption delayed procollagen transport through the secretory pathway, but fibripositor numbers were unaffected. Actin filament disassembly resulted in rapid loss of fibripositors and a subsequent disappearance of intracellular fibrils. Procollagen secretion or processing was not affected by cytochalasin treatment, but the parallelism of extracellular collagen fibrils was altered. In this case a significant proportion of collagen fibrils were found to no longer be orientated with the long axis of the tendon. The results suggest an important role for the actin cytoskeleton in the alignment and organization of the collagenous extracellular matrix in embryonic tendon.     

Cryptosporidium parvum: treatment effects and the rate of decline in oocyst infectivity

Cryptosporidium parvum has become the focus of numerous studies on waterborne disease and transmission in response to outbreaks endangering populations worldwide. The Foci Detection Method-Most Probable Number Assay (FDM-MPN) is an in vitro cell culture method that has been developed and used to determine the quantity of infectious C. parvum oocysts. This research evaluated 2 vendor's producing oocysts, Sterling Parasitology Laboratory (SPL) and Pleasant Hill Farms (PHF) (now known as Bunch Grass Farms as of 12/03), classified as young (<30 days) and aged (>165 days), for comparison of treatments (bleach, antibiotic, no treatment) before cell culture, as well as an age study, to determine any lot-to-lot differences and vendor differences regarding the rate of decline in infectivity. Bleach treatment (0.525%) appeared to be the optimum method for the FDM-MPN with regards to maximum infectivity, efficient disinfection, with no visible antagonistic affects on the C. parvum oocysts. The age study revealed that lot-to-lot variability within each vendor stayed within 1 log10 difference, while the rates of decline in infectivity measured until 107 and 120 days of age when stored at 4 C for SPL and PHF were -0.016 and -0.014 log10 infectious oocysts/day, respectively. These results provide insight regarding C. parvum oocyst viability in a fecal population, as well as useful knowledge for further methods development.     

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgments     

Epitope-specific human influenza antibody repertoires diversify by B cell intraclonal sequence divergence and interclonal convergence

We generated from a single blood sample five independent human mAbs that recognized the Sa antigenic site on the head of influenza hemagglutinin and exhibited inhibitory activity against a broad panel of H1N1 strains. All five Abs used the V(H)3-7 and J(H)6 gene segments, but at least four independent clones were identified by junctional analysis. High-throughput sequence analysis of circulating B cells revealed that each of the independent clones were members of complex phylogenetic lineages that had diversified widely using a pattern of progressive diversification through somatic mutation. Unexpectedly, B cells encoding multiple diverging lineages of these clones, including many containing very few mutations in the Ab genes, persisted in the circulation. Conversely, we noted frequent instances of amino acid sequence convergence in the Ag combining sites exhibited by members of independent clones, suggesting a strong selection for optimal binding sites. We suggest that maintenance in circulation of a wide diversity of somatic variants of dominant clones may facilitate recognition of drift variant virus epitopes that occur in rapidly mutating virus Ags, such as influenza hemagglutinin. In fact, these Ab clones recognize an epitope that acquired three glycosylation sites mediating escape from previously isolated human Abs.     

The herpes simplex virus 1 UL17 protein is the second constituent of the capsid vertex-specific component required for DNA packaging and retention

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) UL17 and UL25 minor capsid proteins are essential for DNA packaging. They are thought to comprise a molecule arrayed in five copies around each of the capsid vertices. This molecule was initially termed the "C-capsid-specific component" (CCSC) (B. L. Trus et al., Mol. Cell 26:479-489, 2007), but as we have subsequently observed this feature on reconstructions of A, B, and C capsids, we now refer to it more generally as the "capsid vertex-specific component" (CVSC) (S. K. Cockrell et al., J. Virol. 85:4875-4887, 2011). We previously confirmed that UL25 occupies the vertex-distal region of the CVSC density by visualizing a large UL25-specific tag in reconstructions calculated from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) images. We have pursued the same strategy to determine the capsid location of the UL17 protein. Recombinant viruses were generated that contained either a small tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag or the green fluorescent protein (GFP) attached to the C terminus of UL17. Purification of the TAP-tagged UL17 or a similarly TAP-tagged UL25 protein clearly demonstrated that the two proteins interact. A cryo-EM reconstruction of capsids containing the UL17-GFP protein reveals that UL17 is the second component of the CVSC and suggests that UL17 interfaces with the other CVSC component, UL25, through its C terminus. The portion of UL17 nearest the vertex appears to be poorly constrained, which may provide flexibility in interacting with tegument proteins or the DNA-packaging machinery at the portal vertex. The exposed locations of the UL17 and UL25 proteins on the HSV-1 capsid exterior suggest that they may be attractive targets for highly specific antivirals.     

Age class differences in the feeding behavior of captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscataia) in the forested and nonvegetated enclosure groups

Age class differences in feeding behavior of primates are affected by many factors, including feeding competition, foraging skills, habitat type, food abundance and distribution, body mass, and food types. Two captive groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), one housed in a forested enclosure and the other in a nonvegetated enclosure, were studied to examine the effect of environmental enrichment on age class differences in feeding behavior. Although there was no significant age class difference in time spent feeding on provisioned foods in either enclosure, the feeding rate (intake of unit food/minute) of adults consuming provisioned monkey chow was significantly higher than that of immatures in both enclosures, and was faster for both age groups in the nonvegetated than in the forested enclosure. Overall, feeding time was greatly extended for individuals of both age classes in the forested enclosure compared with their counterparts in the nonvegetated enclosure. Immatures in the forested enclosure utilized a significantly greater number of plant species and food items, exploiting many food items available among the terminal branches, and spent significantly more time feeding than adults. Perhaps constrained by larger body size, adults fed more often on the ground or middle height of the trees, likely reducing competition over plant food resources between adults and immatures. The natural vegetation played an important role in extending feeding time and segregating substrate use during feeding by adults and immatures. This study revealed the benefits concerning environmental enrichment of a naturally forested enclosure, which provides captive primates the opportunity to exhibit age class and species-typical feeding behaviors of importance for their dietary maintenance and general health.     

1,4-Disubstituted imidazoles are potential antibacterial agents functioning as inhibitors of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI)

1,4-Disubstituted imidazole inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) have been identified. Crystal structure data shows the inhibitor 1 bound in the enzyme active site of E. coli FabI.